513 lines
29 KiB
Markdown
513 lines
29 KiB
Markdown
---
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created_at: '2014-08-17T10:20:40.000Z'
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title: 'Drop that spoon: The truth about breakfast cereals (2010)'
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url: http://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/nov/23/food-book-extract-felicity-lawrence
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author: 3stripe
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points: 90
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story_text: ''
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comment_text:
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num_comments: 100
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story_id:
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story_title:
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story_url:
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parent_id:
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created_at_i: 1408270840
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_tags:
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- story
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- author_3stripe
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- story_8189070
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objectID: '8189070'
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year: 2010
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---
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Britain is one of the world's largest consumers of puffed, flaked and
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sugared breakfast cereals. How did that happen when many were said to
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contain less nutrition than the boxes they come in? Felicity Lawrence
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investigates
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**How did it all begin?**
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It was one of those things that crept up on us and we still can't quite
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believe it happened. Looking back, we'd been in denial for some time.
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Then a friend who hadn't seen the family for a while came round and
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blurted out the bald truth. 'God, Dodi's got rather fat. In fact, you
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know, I think that might count as obese.'
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Once said, it had to be admitted. If you looked at Dodi from behind when
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he was sitting down, you could see a substantial spare tyre around his
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thirteen-year-old middle. It bulged out from his hips and flopped down
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like a muffin rising up and out over its baking case. He had become
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quite lazy too, preferring to lounge in front of the fire rather than
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play in the garden as he used to. His excess weight was slowing him
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down.
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He had been hooked on a particular brand of instant meal for ages.
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Guaranteed real tuna, the packaging said. Enriched with omega-3 and -6
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fats\! The small print told another story. What was inside was largely
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byproducts from other industrial processing: rendered poultry meal mixed
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with fillers of corn gluten meal, ground rice, soya oil and dried beet
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pulp.
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Dodi is our cat, and we know cats do not normally eat carbohydrates such
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as ground rice or sugar nor corn nor vegetables oils. Nevertheless
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that's what we had been feeding him. It said on the packets that it was
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'scientifically formulated' after all.
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The absurdity of feeding an animal types of waste it never evolved to
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eat that actually makes it fat and sick ought to be easy enough to see.
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But we have not apparently been alone in our blindness – feline diabetes
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has risen dramatically in the last few years in the UK.
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Where the human diet is concerned a similar myopia seems to have
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descended upon the British. Instead of relying on a food culture
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developed over centuries, we have come to defer top the
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pseudo-scientific instructions of professionals and marketeers.
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**Where did it all go wrong?**
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The rise of breakfast cereal makes a revealing case study in the
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evolutionary process behind the modern diet. One of the earliest
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convenience foods, processed cereals represents a triumph of marketing,
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packaging and US economic and foreign policy. They are the epitome of
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cheap commodity converted by manufacturing to higher value goods; of
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agricultural surplus turned into profitable export. Their ingredients
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have a disconcerting overlap with my cat food. Somehow they have wormed
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into our confused consciousness as intrinsically healthy when by and
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large they are degraded foods that have to have any goodness
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artificially restored. I have long been intrigued by how the British
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breakfast was conquered and what it tells us about the rest of our food.
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For this is the elephant in the room of course: it is the industrial
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processing of food that is the real problem. To understand where not we,
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but rather it, all went wrong, you have to understand the economic and
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political structures behind today's food system.
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The transformation of the British breakfast in the last 100 years has
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been complete. Unlike our European partners we have succumbed almost
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entirely to the American invention. A century ago simple cereal grains,
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cooked either as porridge or bread, were the staples of breakfast around
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the world and in this country too, just as they had been in previous
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centuries.
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When the first National Food Survey was conducted on behalf of the
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medical officer of the Privy Council, Sir John Simon, in 1863 it
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questioned 370 families of the 'labouring poor' and found that breakfast
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consisted variously of tea kettle broth (bread soaked in hot milk and
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salt), bread and butter, bread and cheese, milk gruel, bread and water
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and oatmeal and milk porridge. Today, instead, the British and the Irish
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are the largest eaters of puffed, flaked, flavoured, shaped, sugared,
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salted and extruded cereals in the world. We munch an average of 6.7kg
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of the dehydrated stuff per person in the UK and 8.4kg each in Ireland.
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The Mediterraneans, generally credited with a healthy diet, have so far
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kept this form of instant breakfast down to an average one kilo per
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person per year. The French, those cheese-eating surrender monkeys of
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American opprobrium, have proved culturally resistant to transatlantic
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pressure in this as in other fields. While the Eastern Europeans,
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deprived of marketing until the fall of the communism and the break up
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of the Soviet Union, have barely heard of processed cereals yet, being
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capable of getting through the first meal of the day with no apparent
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anxiety and only a few grams a year between them.
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How can such a radical overhaul of a food culture come about and was
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there something peculiarly susceptible about the British and the
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Americans that led to it?
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To find out, I went to the US, to the Mid-West states that are the
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heartland of industrial corn production and to the home of the first
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cornflakes, to try to understand something of the history and economics
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of the cereal business.
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Prepackaged and ready-to-eat breakfast cereals began with the American
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temperance movement in the nineteenth century. In the 1830s, the
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Reverend Sylvester Graham preached the virtues of a vegetarian diet to
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his congregation and in particular the importance of wholemeal flour.
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Meat-eating, he said, excited the carnal passions. Granula considered
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the first ready-to-eat breakfast cereal, was developed from his 'Graham
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flour' by one of his followers, James Caleb Jackson, for patients at the
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latter's water cure resort. It was a baked lump of slow-cooked wheat and
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water that was said to be hard as rock and had to be broken up and
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soaked overnight to be edible. It was sold at ten times the cost of its
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ingredients. The business motive for proselytizing by breakfast cereal
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was established.
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Following on from Jackson, the Seventh Day Adventists took up the
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mission begun by Graham. A colony of them had set up in a small town
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called Battle Creek near the American Great Lakes in Michigan. There
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they established the Western Health Reform Institute in 1866 to cure hog
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guzzling and to their mind degenerate Americans of their dyspepsia and
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vices. John Harvey Kellogg turned it into the famous Battle Creek
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Sanatarium, a curious but money-spinning mix of health spa, holiday camp
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and experimental hospital. Kellogg, a sort of early cross between Billy
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Graham and Gillian McKeith, set about devising cures for what he
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believed were the common ills of the day, in particular constipation and
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masturbation. In Kellogg's mind the two were closely linked, the common
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cause being a lack of fibre, both dietary and moral.
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As well as prescribing daily cold water baths, exercise drills, and
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unorthodox medical interventions, creating health-giving foods for
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patients was a major preoccupation. Kellogg, his wife and his younger
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brother William Keith experimented in the Sanatarium kitchen to produce
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an easily digested form of cereal. They came up with their own highly
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profitable Granula, but were promptly sued by Jackson, the original
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maker of Granula, and had to change the name to Granola. Victorian
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prudery and religion may have been at the root of processed cereal
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development, but parables about camels and eyes of needles did not
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discourage any of these evangelicals from seeing the commercial
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advantage and using the law to protect their business interests.
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Around this time an entrepreneur called Henry Perky had also invented a
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way of passing steamed wheat through rollers, one grooved and one
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smooth, to form strands that could be pressed into biscuits to make the
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first shredded wheat. JH Kellogg experimented further with his team and
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eventually they found a way of rolling cooked wheat to make flakes which
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could then be baked. Cornflakes followed when the Kelloggs worked out
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how to use cheap American corn instead of wheat, although initially they
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had problems keeping them crisp and preventing them from going rancid.
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This great leap forward is of a piece with other major developments in
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the industrialization of our diets: it is usually the combination of
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technological advances and the right economic conditions that lead to
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radical changes in what we eat.
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It was a chronically dyspeptic businessman and former patient of
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Kellogg's at the Sanatarium who unleashed the power of marketing on
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breakfast. Charles Post set up the rival La Vita Inn in Battle Creek and
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developed his own versions of precooked cereals. He distributed them
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with such encouraging tracts as The Road to Wellville. 'The sunshine
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that makes a business plant grow is advertizing,' he declared. He placed
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ads for his cereals in papers with paid-for testimonials from apparently
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genuine happy eaters. He also cheerfully invented diseases which his
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products could cure. His Grape Nuts were miraculously not only 'brain
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food' but could also cure consumption and malaria, and were even,
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despite their enamel-cracking hardness, said to be an antidote to loose
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teeth.
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By 1903 Battle Creek had turned into a cereal Klondike. At one point
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there were over 100 cereal factories operating in the town to satisfy
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the new craze, many making fabulously exaggerated claims about the
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health benefits of their products. This symbiotic relationship between
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sales, health claims and the promotion of packaged breakfast cereals has
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continued ever since. Nor was it a coincidence that this particular
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Klondike sprang up in the American Mid-West, whose vast tracts of virgin
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land had been recently opened up by settlers and turned over to the
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agricultural production that powered US development.
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The Kelloggs had tried unsuccessfully to protect their flaking process
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with patents. When WK saw how much others were making from the new
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foods, he launched his own advertizing campaign, giving away free
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samples and putting ads in newspapers.
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The road to nutritional corruption opened up early. The Kellogg brothers
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argued over whether to make the cereals more palatable by adding sugar –
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the addition was anathema to John who saw sugar as an adulterant and a
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scourge, but William reckoned it was needed to stop the products tasting
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like 'horse-food'. WK won.
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Global expansion followed quickly. Britain saw its first cornflakes in
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1924 when the company set up offices in London and used unemployed men
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and boy scouts to act as a sales force for the imported cereal which was
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shipped in from Canada. By 1936 UK sales topped £1 million, and
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Kellogg's was ready to open its first British manufacturing plant in
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Manchester in 1938.
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The technology used to make industrial quantities of breakfast cereal
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today is essentially the same as that developed from the kitchen
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experiments of those fundamentalist healers, although new ways have been
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found to add the sugar, salt and flavourings.
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Cornflakes are generally made by breaking corn kernels into smaller
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grits which are then steam cooked in batches of up to a tonne under
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pressure of about 20lbs per square inch. The nutritious germ with its
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essential fats is first removed because, as the Kellogg brothers
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discovered all that time ago, it goes rancid over time and gets in the
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way of long shelf life. Flavourings, vitamins to replace those lost in
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processing and sugar may be added at this stage. It then takes four
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hours and vast amounts of energy to drive the steam out of the cooked
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grits before they can be rolled by giant rollers into flakes.
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Steamed wheat biscuits such as shredded wheats are made with whole wheat
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grains which are pressure cooked with water. They are then passed
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between rollers which squeeze them into strands and build them up into
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layers. These processes begin the breakdown of the raw starches in the
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cereals so even though they are whole grains they are absorbed more
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quickly in the body – and they typically have glycemic index scores of
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around 75, close to the GIs in the high 70s or low 80s of cornflakes,
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Bran Flakes, Special K and Rice Krispies, compared with 45/46 for
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minimally-processed grains such as porridge or mueslis without sugar.
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(Glucose has a GI of 100 and is what these indexes measure other foods
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against. They indicate how fast different foods are converted to glucose
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and absorbed into the bloodstream.)
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Worries about the nutritional value of such highly processed grains
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surfaced early. Post's company was one of the first to begin the heavy
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duty pre-sweetening of cereals with sugar coating in the late 1940s. The
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sales were enviable. The Kellogg company however held back, according to
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interviews with former employees in Cerealizing America, the highly
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entertaining account of cereal history by Scott Bruce and Bill Crawford.
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The charitable Kellogg Foundation which had been set up by then to
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promote children's health and education was a major shareholder and was
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concerned that flogging sugar-coatings to the young might not be
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compatible with its purpose.
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Many of the health benefits claimed for breakfast cereals depended on
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fortification rather than micronutrients from the raw ingredients, most
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of which were either destroyed by the process or stripped away before
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it. The earliest fortification was with vitamin D, the so-called
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sunshine vitamin, and acted as a marketing tool. Today a new wave of
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fortification is coming, and once again its principal purpose is
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marketing. Inulin, a form of fibre from plants, known to the food
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industry until recently as a cheap bulking agent thanks to its ability
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to retain water and mimic the mouthfeel of fats, is now added as a
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'prebiotic'. They have coined this word for it because it resists
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digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract and reaches the large
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intestine almost intact where it is fermented by bacteria, encouraging
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the production of friendly microflora, which the industry markets too,
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as probiotics. The inulin, in other words, does what the fibre naturally
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occurring in whole grains would do if it hadn't been stripped out by
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over processing.
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Companies are also looking at adding omega-3 fatty acids such as DHA.
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(Where my cat food goes, breakfast cereals follow.) There are technical
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difficulties with this. Since the DHA tends to come from fish, it makes
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things taste fishy, and its flavour has to be masked with other
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additives.
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That processed cereals had become little more than sugary junk with milk
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and vitamin pills added, was an accusation made as long ago as the
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1970s. A US congressional hearing in 1970 was told by an adviser to
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President Nixon on nutrition, Robert Choate, that the majority of
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breakfast cereals 'fatten but do little to prevent malnutrition'. Choate
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was outraged at the aggressive targeting of children in breakfast cereal
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advertizing. He analysed sixty well-known cereal brands for nutritional
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quality and concluded that two thirds of them offered 'empty calories, a
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term thus far applied to alcohol and sugar'. Rats fed a diet of
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ground-up cereal boxes with sugar, milk and raisins were healthier than
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rats fed the cereals themselves, he testified to senators.
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Battle Creek today is a small backwater in Michigan three hours drive
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from Chicago. There is not much sign now of the cereal gold rush that
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changed the British palate, and the flake factories working day and
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night have mostly gone. But the legacy lives on. In their place
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alongside Kellogg airport and the Kellogg Foundation is Kellogg's Cereal
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City. Built in the shape of an old American grain store, it is a museum
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testament to the power of marketing that so maddened Choate. Walking
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through the collection I too was struck by how much our breakfast today
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is the child of advertizing. Trading on our insecurity about health,
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manipulating our emotions and selling to us through health professionals
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has always been part of the great puff.
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The antique cardboard boxes on show underline how from the first
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breakfast cereals sold not just a meal but a way of life: Power, Vim,
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Vigor, Korn Kinks and Climax cereal are among the early brand names. One
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of my favourite sections of the museum was the cabinet of boxes and
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pamphlets recording the original health claims that anticipate today's
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persuasive messages. 'Keeps the blood cool\!' 'Makes red blood redder\!'
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There were the cereals that echoed today's claims for prebiotics, 'Will
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correct stomach troubles\!' or indeed the claims on my cat food, 'The
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most scientific food in the world\!'
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Getting children hooked, making them associate breakfast cereal with fun
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and entertainment, blurring the lines between advertizing and
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programmes, exploiting new media – today it is the internet and viral
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marketing – was one of the main aims of competing manufacturers from the
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early days, as the museum displays show, and a crucial part in
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conquering the British breakfast. Kellogg's sponsored a children's
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programme called 'The Singing Lady'. In 1931 the artist Vernon Grant
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heard the programme and was inspired to draw the Kellogg's Rice Krispie
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ad characters Snap, Crackle and Pop. His cartoon characters were used in
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ad campaigns that catapulted Rice Krispie sales up into the league of
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the more established cornflakes brands. Walt Disney was powerfully
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influenced by Grant's work. And when the Great Depression hit America in
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the 1930s following the crash of the stock market, WK Kellogg doubled
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his ad spend.
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In 1939 Charles Post meanwhile introduced his own characters, a trio of
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bears, to sell his new Sugar Crisps. (The original three bears were of
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course happy with plain porridge.) Kellogg's responded with Tony the
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Tiger and Katy the Kangaroo, although Katy retired after a year. Post
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also bought a licence from Disney to use his Mickey Mouse character on
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his cereal boxes.
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The museum records how giveaway toys were being used by then too, to
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attract children's loyalty and to encourage early pester power and
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repeat purchases.
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Cereal advertizing likewise helped shape early television. A chance
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meeting on a train in 1949 between the then chairman of Kellogg's and an
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advertizing man called Leo Burnett led to a working relationship that
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both transformed the cereal market and made the mould for TV ads.
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Burnett used 'motivational research' to work out how to appeal to women
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and children with different kinds of packaging. Subliminal marketing was
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born. With his help Kellogg's broadcast the first colour TV programmes
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and commercials for children. The result was that by the mid 1950s the
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company had captured nearly half the rapidly expanding US processed
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cereal market and was in a prime position to build its empire in Europe
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using the same methods.
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The UK market for those cereal boxes was worth over £1.27 billion in
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2005. It too has been created and maintained by advertizing. It is
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characterized by health claims, now as then. Along with other highly
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processed foods such as fizzy drinks, and fast food brands, breakfast
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cereals are among the most highly marketed products.
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Kellogg's has consistently been the largest advertizer of its cereals in
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this country, spending roughly £50 million a year in recent years, about
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twice what its rival Cereal Partners spends. Cereal Partners is a joint
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venture with Nestlé which markets that company's breakfast cereals in
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Britain and manufactures cereals for leading supermarkets' own label
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brands. The respective investments are duly reflected in the companies'
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market shares. We buy what we have been persuaded to buy.
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Without advertizing we might never know we needed processed cereal and
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revert to porridge or bread instead. Or as Kellogg's European president
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Tim Mobsby put it to MPs conducting an inquiry into obesity in 2004, 'if
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we were not to have that capability \[of TV advertizing\] there is a
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probability that the consumption of cereals would actually drop…that is
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not necessarily a positive step forward.'
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The following spring I was one of a handful of reporters flown in a
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private jet by Kellogg's to its Old Trafford cornflakes factory, as part
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of its campaign to protect its portfolio and its ability to market it,
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particularly to children. The ostensible reason for the trip was that
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Kellogg's was launching a new acquisition in the UK, Kashi, a brand of
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mixed-grain puffed cereal free of all additives. But criticism of the
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food industry for selling obeso-genic products high in fat, salt and
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sugar had reached a crescendo in the UK and the breakfast cereal
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manufacturers were the subject of unwelcome attention. Before touring
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the factory, we were ushered past the giant Tony the Tiger cut-out in
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the entrance lobby and up into the strategic planning department for a
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presentation on nutrition policy and labelling.
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Here the company nutritionist explained how Kellogg's had decided to
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take a lead in promoting a new kind of labelling to help 'mum' make
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'healthier choices'. Rather than the traffic light labelling the
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government's food standards agency was researching, Kellogg's and other
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leading food manufacturers had decided to go live with a system of
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labels based on guideline daily amounts. These would avoid identifying
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foods as good or bad with red, amber and green and instead give figures
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for how much fat, salt and sugar a portion of the product contained as a
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proportion of a guideline amount, calculated by the industry, which you
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should eat a day of those nutrients. Needless to say the industry's
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guideline daily amounts were more generous than official targets,
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particularly on sugars. The FSA had already rejected this scheme as too
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complicated to be helpful but Kellogg's told us that it had 'lent them
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one of our researchers so we've been in on the consultation process and
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we've been able to get the GDAs into the final FSA testing'.
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In response to pressure from the FSA, the Association of Cereal Food
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Manufacturers had already reduced salt by a quarter in five years, she
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went on. Cornflakes were even tastier than before because you could
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taste the corn more now. So why was there so much salt in the first
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place, we asked. The managing director of Kellogg's Europe Tony Palmer
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confessed that 'if we'd known you could take out 25 per cent of the salt
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and make cornflakes taste even better, we would have done it earlier.
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But it's also about the interaction with the sugar – as you take the
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salt out, you've got to reduce the sugar because it starts to taste
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sweeter.' But isn't the target to reduce sugar consumption too? Why not
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just cut down on salt and sugar, we wondered. Well, sugar helps keep the
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crispness and is part of the bulk, so that would be difficult, we were
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told. Mr Palmer's eyebrows started working furiously as he answered:
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'And the risk is, if you take the salt out you might be better off
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eating the cardboard carton for taste,' he said.
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||
The public relations team moved us rapidly on from this unfortunate echo
|
||
of Senator Choate's 1970s' accusation of nutritional bankruptcy to a
|
||
presentation on the Kashi Way. 'We hold the spirit of health in all we
|
||
do,' one of them explained, echoing this time the quasi-religious
|
||
marketing babble of the founding cereal makers.
|
||
|
||
Although I was aware that breakfast cereal manufacturers were among the
|
||
top marketers of processed foods in the UK, it was only when the
|
||
broadcasting regulator Ofcom tried to draw up new rules to restrict TV
|
||
advertizing to children of junk foods, that I saw quite how dependent
|
||
consumption was on us being manipulated by the manufacturers' messages.
|
||
Kellogg's led a ferocious campaign of lobbying to stop the restrictions.
|
||
As well as educating journalists with trips such as mine to the
|
||
cornflakes factory, it lobbied MPs, ministers and regulators. One of its
|
||
public relations agencies Hill and Knowlton boasted on its website how
|
||
it had managed to change government and Whitehall thinking on Kellogg's
|
||
behalf. 'A series of meetings with Number 10, the Department of Health,
|
||
the Food Standards Agency, the Health Select committee, one-to-one
|
||
briefings with key individuals and an event for parliamentarians' had
|
||
enabled them to disseminate Kellogg's messages, with the result that
|
||
'the campaign resulted in a significant shift in attitudes among core
|
||
government stakeholders,' they claimed.
|
||
|
||
The industry is adamant that its products are a healthy way to start the
|
||
day, and has recruited Professor Tom Sanders, head of the nutrition
|
||
department at King's College London, to defend 'breakfast cereals served
|
||
with semi-skimmed milk' as 'low energy meals that provide about one
|
||
fifth of the micronutrients of children'. However, a survey published by
|
||
the independent consumer watchdog Which? called 'Cereal Reoffenders'
|
||
took a rather different view. When it analysed 275 big-name breakfast
|
||
cereals from leading manufacturers on sale in UK supermarkets in 2006 it
|
||
found that 75 per cent of them had high levels of sugar, while almost a
|
||
fifth had high levels of salt, according to criteria drawn up by the
|
||
food standards agency for its traffic light nutritional labels. Nearly
|
||
90 per cent of those targeted at children were high in sugar, 13 per
|
||
cent were high in salt, and 10 per cent were high in saturated fat.
|
||
Several cereals making claims to be good for you got a red light too.
|
||
All Bran was high in salt; Special K got a red for sugar and salt. Some
|
||
high fibre bran cereals were giving you more salt per serving than a bag
|
||
of crisps. (Some of these may have since been reformulated.)
|
||
|
||
It was when I saw details of the proposals from Ofcom on restricting
|
||
marketing of junk foods to children that I understood why the lobbying
|
||
had been so determined. What became clear was that breakfast cereals,
|
||
although heavily marketed as healthy, would be the category to take the
|
||
largest hit by a long way. About £70 million of TV ads a year from
|
||
cereal manufacturers would be banned because they were promoting what
|
||
the experts defined as unhealthy. The sector spent a total of £84
|
||
million on ads that year. In other words, the vast majority of its
|
||
marketing effort would be wiped out. It had everything to lose. Because,
|
||
as the House of Commons had been told, without marketing to manipulate
|
||
our desires, we might not eat processed cereals at all.
|
||
|
||
Back at the Battle Creek Museum you can see how Kellogg's would view
|
||
that. Before exiting the exhibition into the shop, I passed a section on
|
||
'global expansion'. 'The company has rededicated itself to reaching 1.5
|
||
billion new cereal customers around the world in the next decade…and
|
||
bringing about a fundamental change in eating habits.' As well as
|
||
advertizing in new markets, it has been sponsoring school nutrition
|
||
programmes and health symposia for professionals. This activity is part
|
||
of a 'massive program of nutrition education directed at improving the
|
||
world's eating habits with accelerated expansion into countries where
|
||
ready-to-eat cereal is unknown', it proclaimed.
|
||
|
||
Improving the world's eating habits has the attraction, as the
|
||
nineteenth-century American entrepreneurs discovered, of being what
|
||
economic analysts call a 'high margin to cost business'. The raw
|
||
materials of breakfast cereals, commodity grains, are cheap (or at least
|
||
were cheap until biofuels recently entered the equation). US
|
||
agricultural subsidies totalled $165 billion in the eleven years 1995 to
|
||
2005. Just five crops accounted for 90 per cent of the money – corn,
|
||
rice, wheat, soya beans and cotton. That handful of ingredients I keep
|
||
finding in everything. If you want to understand why all these
|
||
commodities, cotton aside, make it not only in to the cat food but in to
|
||
most other processed foods you eat, this is where you have to start.
|
||
|
||
One of the biggest costs is not the value of the ingredients, nor the
|
||
cost of production, but the marketing, which as you might expect from
|
||
all the activity described above, is typically 20 to 25 per cent of the
|
||
sales value, according to analysts JP Morgan. About a quarter of your
|
||
money is going not on the food but on the manufacturer's cost of
|
||
persuading you to buy it. That still leaves room for gross margins on
|
||
processed cereals that are 40 to 45 per cent, with profit margins around
|
||
the very healthy 17 per cent mark.
|
||
|
||
Start selling this kind of processed diet to new consumers in the
|
||
booming economies of China and India and your profits, and those of the
|
||
country that has dominated grain exports and trading, the US, will soar.
|
||
This is what the food industry calls adding value. The added value is
|
||
not nutritional value of course; quite the opposite. The added value is
|
||
shareholder value, and as a very rough rule of thumb I reckon on
|
||
nutritional value being stripped away in inverse proportion to the
|
||
shareholder value added.
|
||
|
||
• Extracted from Eat Your Heart Out: Why the food business is bad for
|
||
the planet and your health by Felicity Lawrence, published by Penguin.
|
||
Buy both Felicity Lawrence's books, Eat Your Heart Out (RRP £8.99) and
|
||
Not on the Label (£9.99) for only £13 (save £5.98) or buy them
|
||
individually for £7 each. Visit guardianbookshop.co.uk or call 0330 333
|
||
6846
|