hn-classics/_stories/1988/8877144.md

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---
created_at: '2015-01-12T23:22:15.000Z'
title: The Society of Mind (1988)
url: http://aurellem.org/society-of-mind/
author: epenn
points: 48
story_text: ''
comment_text:
num_comments: 6
story_id:
story_title:
story_url:
parent_id:
created_at_i: 1421104935
_tags:
- story
- author_epenn
- story_8877144
objectID: '8877144'
year: 1988
---
[Source](http://aurellem.org/society-of-mind/ "Permalink to The Society of Mind Text & Video Archive")
# The Society of Mind Text & Video Archive
Next: [Prologue][1]
# Society of Mind
# The Society of Mind
Written by [Marvin Minsky][2]
Formatted for the web by [Dylan Holmes][3]
[ ![][4] ![][5] ][6]
| ----- |
|
# [prologue][1]
# [_1_ Building blocks][7]
## [_1.1_ The agents of the mind][8]
## [_1.2_ The mind and the brain][9]
## [_1.3_ The society of mind][10]
## [_1.4_ The world of blocks![][11]][12]
# [_2_ Wholes and parts][13]
## [_2.1_ Components and connections][14]
## [_2.2_ Novelists and reductionists][15]
## [_2.3_ Parts and wholes][16]
## [_2.4_ Holes and parts![][11]][17]
## [_2.5_ easy things are hard![][11]][18]
## [_2.6_ confusion][19]
## [_2.7_ Are people machines?![][11]][20]
# [_3_ conflict and compromise][21]
## [_3.1_ conflict![][11]][22]
## [_3.2_ Noncompromise][23]
## _[3.3_ hierarchies][24]
## _[3.4_ Heterarchies][25]
## _[3.5_ destructiveness][26]
## _[3.6_ Pain and pleasure simplified][27]
# _[4_ the self][28]
## _[4.1_ the self![][11]][29]
## _[4.2_ one self or many?][30]
## _[4.3_ the soul![][11]][31]
## _[4.4_ the conservative self][32]
## _[4.5_ exploitation][33]
## _[4.6_ self-control][34]
## _[4.7_ long-range plans][35]
## _[4.8_ ideals][36]
# _[5_ individuality][37]
## _[5.1_ circular causality][38]
## _[5.2_ unanswerable questions][39]
## _[5.3_ the remote-control self][40]
## _[5.4_ personal identity][41]
## _[5.5_ fashion and style][42]
## _[5.6_ traits][43]
## _[5.7_ permanent identity][44]
# _[6_ insight and introspection][45]
## _[6.1_ consciousness![][11]][46]
## _[6.2_ signals and signs][47]
## _[6.3_ thought-experiments][48]
## _[6.4_ B-Brains][49]
## _[6.5_ Frozen reflection][50]
## _[6.6_ momentary mental time![][11]][51]
## _[6.7_ the causal now][52]
## _[6.8_ thinking without thinking][53]
## _[6.9_ heads in the clouds][54]
## _[6.10_ worlds out of mind][55]
## _[6.11_ in-sight][56]
## _[6.12_ internal communication][57]
## _[6.13_ self-knowledge is dangerous][58]
# _[7_ problems and goals][59]
## _[7.1_ intelligence][60]
## _[7.2_ uncommon sense![][11]][61]
## _[7.3_ the puzzle principle][62]
## _[7.4_ problem solving][63]
## _[7.5_ learning and memory][64]
## _[7.6_ reinforcement and reward][65]
## _[7.7_ local responsibility][66]
## _[7.8_ difference-engines][67]
## _[7.9_ intentions][68]
## _[7.10_ genius][69]
# _[8_ a theory of memory][70]
## _[8.1_ k-lines: a theory of memory][71]
## _[8.2_ re-membering][72]
## _[8.3_ mental states and dispositions][73]
## _[8.4_ partial mental states][74]
## _[8.5_ level-bands][75]
## _[8.6_ levels][76]
## _[8.7_ fringes][77]
## _[8.8_ societies of memories][78]
## _[8.9_ knowledge-trees][79]
## _[8.10_ levels and classifications][80]
## _[8.11_ layers of societies][81]
# _[9_ summaries][82]
## _[9.1_ wanting and liking][83]
## _[9.2_ gerrymandering][84]
## _[9.3_ learning from failure][85]
## _[9.4_ enjoying discomfort][86]
# _[10_ papert's principle][87]
## _[10.1_ piaget's experiments][88]
## _[10.2_ reasoning about amounts][89]
## _[10.3_ priorities][90]
## _[10.4_ papert's principle![][11]][91]
## _[10.5_ the society-of-more][92]
## _[10.6_ about piaget's experiments][93]
## _[10.7_ the concept of concept][94]
## _[10.8_ education and development][95]
## _[10.9_ learning a hierarchy][96]
# _[11_ the shape of space][97]
## _[11.1_ seeing red][98]
## _[11.2_ the shape of space][99]
## _[11.3_ nearnesses][100]
## _[11.4_ innate geography][101]
## _[11.5_ sensing similarities][102]
## _[11.6_ the centered self][103]
## _[11.7_ predestined learning][104]
## _[11.8_ half-brains][105]
## _[11.9_ dumbbell theories][106]
|
# _[12_ learning meaning][107]
## _[12.1_ a block-arch scenario][108]
## _[12.2_ learning meaning][109]
## _[12.3_ uniframes][110]
## _[12.4_ structure and function][111]
## _[12.5_ the function of structures][112]
## _[12.6_ accumulation][113]
## _[12.7_ accumulation strategies][114]
## _[12.8_ problems of disunity][115]
## _[12.9_ the exception principle][116]
## _[12.10_ how towers work][117]
## _[12.11_ how causes work][118]
## _[12.12_ meaning and definition][119]
## _[12.13_ bridge-definitions][120]
# _[13_ seeing and believing][121]
## _[13.1_ reformulation][122]
## _[13.2_ boundaries][123]
## _[13.3_ seeing and believing][124]
## _[13.4_ children's drawing-frames][125]
## _[13.5_ learning a script][126]
## _[13.6_ the frontier effect][127]
## _[13.7_ duplications][128]
# _[14_ reformulation][129]
## _[14.1_ using reformulation][130]
## _[14.2_ means and ends][131]
## _[14.3_ seeing squares][132]
## _[14.4_ brainstorming][133]
## _[14.5_ the investment principle![][11]][134]
## _[14.6_ parts and holes][135]
## _[14.7_ the power of negative thinking][136]
## _[14.8_ the interaction-square][137]
# _[15_ Consciousness and memory][138]
## _[15.1_ momentary mental state][139]
## _[15.2_ self-examination][140]
## _[15.3_ memory][141]
## _[15.4_ memories of memories][142]
## _[15.5_ the immanence illusion][143]
## _[15.6_ many kinds of memory][144]
## _[15.7_ memory rearrangements][145]
## _[15.8_ anatomy of memory![][11]][146]
## _[15.9_ interruption and recovery][147]
## _[15.10_ losing track][148]
## _[15.11_ the recursion principle][149]
# _[16_ emotion][150]
## _[16.1_ emotion![][11]][151]
## _[16.2_ mental growth][152]
## _[16.3_ mental proto-specialists![][11]][153]
## _[16.4_ cross-exclusion][154]
## _[16.5_ avalanche effects][155]
## _[16.6_ motivation][156]
## _[16.7_ exploitation][157]
## _[16.8_ stimulus vs. simulus][158]
## _[16.9_ infant emotions][159]
## _[16.10_ adult emotions][160]
# _[17_ development][161]
## _[17.1_ sequences of teaching-selves![][11]][162]
## _[17.2_ attachment-learning][163]
## _[17.3_ attachment simplifies][164]
## _[17.4_ functional autonomy][165]
## _[17.5_ developmental stages][166]
## _[17.6_ prerequisites for growth][167]
## _[17.7_ genetic timetables][168]
## _[17.8_ attachment-images][169]
## _[17.9_ different spans of memories][170]
## _[17.10_ intellectual trauma][171]
## _[17.11_ intellectual ideals][172]
# _[18_ reasoning][173]
## _[18.1_ must machines be logical?![][11]][174]
## _[18.2_ chains of reasoning][175]
## _[18.3_ chaining][176]
## _[18.4_ logical chains![][11]][177]
## _[18.5_ strong arguments][178]
## _[18.6_ magnitude from multitude][179]
## _[18.7_ what is a number?][180]
## _[18.8_ mathematics made hard![][11]][181]
## _[18.9_ robustness and recovery][182]
# _[19_ Words and ideas][183]
## _[19.1_ the roots of intention![][11]][184]
## _[19.2_ the language-agency][185]
## _[19.3_ words and ideas![][11]][186]
## _[19.4_ objects and properties][187]
## _[19.5_ polynemes][188]
## _[19.6_ recognizers][189]
## _[19.7_ weighing evidence][190]
## _[19.8_ generalizing][191]
## _[19.9_ recognizing thoughts][192]
## _[19.10_ closing the ring][193]
# _[20_ context and ambiguity][194]
## _[20.1_ ambiguity][195]
## _[20.2_ negotiating ambiguity][196]
## _[20.3_ visual ambiguity][197]
## _[20.4_ locking-in and weeding-out][198]
## _[20.5_ micronemes][199]
## _[20.6_ the nemeic spiral][200]
## _[20.7_ connections][201]
## _[20.8_ connection lines![][11]][202]
## _[20.9_ distributed memory![][11]][203]
# _[21_ trans-frames][204]
## _[21.1_ the pronouns of the mind][205]
## _[21.2_ pronomes][206]
## _[21.3_ trans-frames][207]
## _[21.4_ communication among agents][208]
## _[21.5_ automatism][209]
## _[21.6_ trans-frame pronomes][210]
## _[21.7_ generalizing with pronomes][211]
## _[21.8_ attention][212]
|
# _[22_ expression][213]
## _[22.1_ pronomes and polynemes][214]
## _[22.2_ isonomes][215]
## _[22.3_ de-specializing][216]
## _[22.4_ learning and teaching][217]
## _[22.5_ inference][218]
## _[22.6_ expression][219]
## _[22.7_ causes and clauses][220]
## _[22.8_ interruptions][221]
## _[22.9_ pronouns and references][222]
## _[22.10_ verbal expression][223]
## _[22.11_ creative expression][224]
# _[23_ comparisons][225]
## _[23.1_ a world of differences][226]
## _[23.2_ differences and duplicates][227]
## _[23.3_ time blinking][228]
## _[23.4_ the meanings of more][229]
## _[23.5_ foreign accents][230]
# _[24_ frames][231]
## _[24.1_ the speed of thought][232]
## _[24.2_ frames of mind][233]
## _[24.3_ How trans-frames work][234]
## _[24.4_ default assumptions][235]
## _[24.5_ nonverbal reasoning][236]
## _[24.6_ direction-nemes][237]
## _[24.7_ picture-frames![][11]][238]
## _[24.8_ how picture-frames work][239]
## _[24.9_ recognizers and memorizers][240]
# _[25_ frame arrays][241]
## _[25.1_ one frame at a time?![][11]][242]
## _[25.2_ frame-arrays![][11]][243]
## _[25.3_ the stationary world][244]
## _[25.4_ the sense of continuity![][11]][245]
## _[25.5_ expectations][246]
## _[25.6_ the frame idea![][11]][247]
# _[26_ language-frames][248]
## _[26.1_ understanding words![][11]][249]
## _[26.2_ understanding stories][250]
## _[26.3_ sentence-frames][251]
## _[26.4_ a party-frame![][11]][252]
## _[26.5_ story-frames][253]
## _[26.6_ sentence and nonsense][254]
## _[26.7_ frames for nouns][255]
## _[26.8_ frames for verbs][256]
## _[26.9_ language and vision][257]
## _[26.10_ learning language][258]
## _[26.11_ grammar][259]
## _[26.12_ coherent discourse][260]
# _[27_ censors and jokes][261]
## _[27.1_ demons][262]
## _[27.2_ suppressors][263]
## _[27.3_ censors][264]
## _[27.4_ exceptions to logic][265]
## _[27.5_ jokes![][11]][266]
## _[27.6_ humor and censorship][267]
## _[27.7_ laughter![][11]][268]
## _[27.8_ good humor][269]
# _[28_ the mind and the world][270]
## _[28.1_ the myth of mental energy][271]
## _[28.2_ magnitude and marketplace][272]
## _[28.3_ quantity and quality][273]
## _[28.4_ mind over matter][274]
## _[28.5_ the mind and the world][275]
## _[28.6_ minds and machines][276]
## _[28.7_ individual identities][277]
## _[28.8_ overlapping minds][278]
# _[29_ the realms of thought][279]
## _[29.1_ the realms of thought][280]
## _[29.2_ several thoughts at once][281]
## _[29.3_ paranomes][282]
## _[29.4_ cross-realm correspondences][283]
## _[29.5_ the problem of unity][284]
## _[29.6_ autistic children][285]
## _[29.7_ likenesses and analogies][286]
## _[29.8_ metaphors][287]
# _[30_ mental models![][11]][288]
## _[30.1_ knowing][289]
## _[30.2_ knowing and believing][290]
## _[30.3_ mental models][291]
## _[30.4_ world models][292]
## _[30.5_ knowing ourselves][293]
## _[30.6_ freedom of will][294]
## _[30.7_ the myth of the third alternative][295]
## _[30.8_ intelligence and resourcefulness][296]
# [appendix][297]
# [postscript][298]
# [glossary][299]
|
[1]: http://aurellem.org/som-prologue.html
[2]: http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky
[3]: https://logical.ai
[4]: http://aurellem.org/images/som_book.jpeg
[5]: http://aurellem.org/images/a_logo_17.gif
[6]: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0671657135?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creativeASIN=0671657135&linkCode=xm2&tag=marvinminsky
[7]: http://aurellem.org/som-1.html
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[297]: http://aurellem.org/som-appendix.html
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[299]: http://aurellem.org/som-glossary.html