--- created_at: '2015-01-12T23:22:15.000Z' title: The Society of Mind (1988) url: http://aurellem.org/society-of-mind/ author: epenn points: 48 story_text: '' comment_text: num_comments: 6 story_id: story_title: story_url: parent_id: created_at_i: 1421104935 _tags: - story - author_epenn - story_8877144 objectID: '8877144' --- [Source](http://aurellem.org/society-of-mind/ "Permalink to The Society of Mind Text & Video Archive") # The Society of Mind Text & Video Archive Next: [Prologue][1] # Society of Mind # The Society of Mind Written by [Marvin Minsky][2] Formatted for the web by [Dylan Holmes][3] [ ![][4] ![][5] ][6] | ----- | | # [prologue][1] # [_1_ Building blocks][7] ## [_1.1_ The agents of the mind][8] ## [_1.2_ The mind and the brain][9] ## [_1.3_ The society of mind][10] ## [_1.4_ The world of blocks![][11]][12] # [_2_ Wholes and parts][13] ## [_2.1_ Components and connections][14] ## [_2.2_ Novelists and reductionists][15] ## [_2.3_ Parts and wholes][16] ## [_2.4_ Holes and parts![][11]][17] ## [_2.5_ easy things are hard![][11]][18] ## [_2.6_ confusion][19] ## [_2.7_ Are people machines?![][11]][20] # [_3_ conflict and compromise][21] ## [_3.1_ conflict![][11]][22] ## [_3.2_ Noncompromise][23] ## _[3.3_ hierarchies][24] ## _[3.4_ Heterarchies][25] ## _[3.5_ destructiveness][26] ## _[3.6_ Pain and pleasure simplified][27] # _[4_ the self][28] ## _[4.1_ the self![][11]][29] ## _[4.2_ one self or many?][30] ## _[4.3_ the soul![][11]][31] ## _[4.4_ the conservative self][32] ## _[4.5_ exploitation][33] ## _[4.6_ self-control][34] ## _[4.7_ long-range plans][35] ## _[4.8_ ideals][36] # _[5_ individuality][37] ## _[5.1_ circular causality][38] ## _[5.2_ unanswerable questions][39] ## _[5.3_ the remote-control self][40] ## _[5.4_ personal identity][41] ## _[5.5_ fashion and style][42] ## _[5.6_ traits][43] ## _[5.7_ permanent identity][44] # _[6_ insight and introspection][45] ## _[6.1_ consciousness![][11]][46] ## _[6.2_ signals and signs][47] ## _[6.3_ thought-experiments][48] ## _[6.4_ B-Brains][49] ## _[6.5_ Frozen reflection][50] ## _[6.6_ momentary mental time![][11]][51] ## _[6.7_ the causal now][52] ## _[6.8_ thinking without thinking][53] ## _[6.9_ heads in the clouds][54] ## _[6.10_ worlds out of mind][55] ## _[6.11_ in-sight][56] ## _[6.12_ internal communication][57] ## _[6.13_ self-knowledge is dangerous][58] # _[7_ problems and goals][59] ## _[7.1_ intelligence][60] ## _[7.2_ uncommon sense![][11]][61] ## _[7.3_ the puzzle principle][62] ## _[7.4_ problem solving][63] ## _[7.5_ learning and memory][64] ## _[7.6_ reinforcement and reward][65] ## _[7.7_ local responsibility][66] ## _[7.8_ difference-engines][67] ## _[7.9_ intentions][68] ## _[7.10_ genius][69] # _[8_ a theory of memory][70] ## _[8.1_ k-lines: a theory of memory][71] ## _[8.2_ re-membering][72] ## _[8.3_ mental states and dispositions][73] ## _[8.4_ partial mental states][74] ## _[8.5_ level-bands][75] ## _[8.6_ levels][76] ## _[8.7_ fringes][77] ## _[8.8_ societies of memories][78] ## _[8.9_ knowledge-trees][79] ## _[8.10_ levels and classifications][80] ## _[8.11_ layers of societies][81] # _[9_ summaries][82] ## _[9.1_ wanting and liking][83] ## _[9.2_ gerrymandering][84] ## _[9.3_ learning from failure][85] ## _[9.4_ enjoying discomfort][86] # _[10_ papert's principle][87] ## _[10.1_ piaget's experiments][88] ## _[10.2_ reasoning about amounts][89] ## _[10.3_ priorities][90] ## _[10.4_ papert's principle![][11]][91] ## _[10.5_ the society-of-more][92] ## _[10.6_ about piaget's experiments][93] ## _[10.7_ the concept of concept][94] ## _[10.8_ education and development][95] ## _[10.9_ learning a hierarchy][96] # _[11_ the shape of space][97] ## _[11.1_ seeing red][98] ## _[11.2_ the shape of space][99] ## _[11.3_ nearnesses][100] ## _[11.4_ innate geography][101] ## _[11.5_ sensing similarities][102] ## _[11.6_ the centered self][103] ## _[11.7_ predestined learning][104] ## _[11.8_ half-brains][105] ## _[11.9_ dumbbell theories][106] | # _[12_ learning meaning][107] ## _[12.1_ a block-arch scenario][108] ## _[12.2_ learning meaning][109] ## _[12.3_ uniframes][110] ## _[12.4_ structure and function][111] ## _[12.5_ the function of structures][112] ## _[12.6_ accumulation][113] ## _[12.7_ accumulation strategies][114] ## _[12.8_ problems of disunity][115] ## _[12.9_ the exception principle][116] ## _[12.10_ how towers work][117] ## _[12.11_ how causes work][118] ## _[12.12_ meaning and definition][119] ## _[12.13_ bridge-definitions][120] # _[13_ seeing and believing][121] ## _[13.1_ reformulation][122] ## _[13.2_ boundaries][123] ## _[13.3_ seeing and believing][124] ## _[13.4_ children's drawing-frames][125] ## _[13.5_ learning a script][126] ## _[13.6_ the frontier effect][127] ## _[13.7_ duplications][128] # _[14_ reformulation][129] ## _[14.1_ using reformulation][130] ## _[14.2_ means and ends][131] ## _[14.3_ seeing squares][132] ## _[14.4_ brainstorming][133] ## _[14.5_ the investment principle![][11]][134] ## _[14.6_ parts and holes][135] ## _[14.7_ the power of negative thinking][136] ## _[14.8_ the interaction-square][137] # _[15_ Consciousness and memory][138] ## _[15.1_ momentary mental state][139] ## _[15.2_ self-examination][140] ## _[15.3_ memory][141] ## _[15.4_ memories of memories][142] ## _[15.5_ the immanence illusion][143] ## _[15.6_ many kinds of memory][144] ## _[15.7_ memory rearrangements][145] ## _[15.8_ anatomy of memory![][11]][146] ## _[15.9_ interruption and recovery][147] ## _[15.10_ losing track][148] ## _[15.11_ the recursion principle][149] # _[16_ emotion][150] ## _[16.1_ emotion![][11]][151] ## _[16.2_ mental growth][152] ## _[16.3_ mental proto-specialists![][11]][153] ## _[16.4_ cross-exclusion][154] ## _[16.5_ avalanche effects][155] ## _[16.6_ motivation][156] ## _[16.7_ exploitation][157] ## _[16.8_ stimulus vs. simulus][158] ## _[16.9_ infant emotions][159] ## _[16.10_ adult emotions][160] # _[17_ development][161] ## _[17.1_ sequences of teaching-selves![][11]][162] ## _[17.2_ attachment-learning][163] ## _[17.3_ attachment simplifies][164] ## _[17.4_ functional autonomy][165] ## _[17.5_ developmental stages][166] ## _[17.6_ prerequisites for growth][167] ## _[17.7_ genetic timetables][168] ## _[17.8_ attachment-images][169] ## _[17.9_ different spans of memories][170] ## _[17.10_ intellectual trauma][171] ## _[17.11_ intellectual ideals][172] # _[18_ reasoning][173] ## _[18.1_ must machines be logical?![][11]][174] ## _[18.2_ chains of reasoning][175] ## _[18.3_ chaining][176] ## _[18.4_ logical chains![][11]][177] ## _[18.5_ strong arguments][178] ## _[18.6_ magnitude from multitude][179] ## _[18.7_ what is a number?][180] ## _[18.8_ mathematics made hard![][11]][181] ## _[18.9_ robustness and recovery][182] # _[19_ Words and ideas][183] ## _[19.1_ the roots of intention![][11]][184] ## _[19.2_ the language-agency][185] ## _[19.3_ words and ideas![][11]][186] ## _[19.4_ objects and properties][187] ## _[19.5_ polynemes][188] ## _[19.6_ recognizers][189] ## _[19.7_ weighing evidence][190] ## _[19.8_ generalizing][191] ## _[19.9_ recognizing thoughts][192] ## _[19.10_ closing the ring][193] # _[20_ context and ambiguity][194] ## _[20.1_ ambiguity][195] ## _[20.2_ negotiating ambiguity][196] ## _[20.3_ visual ambiguity][197] ## _[20.4_ locking-in and weeding-out][198] ## _[20.5_ micronemes][199] ## _[20.6_ the nemeic spiral][200] ## _[20.7_ connections][201] ## _[20.8_ connection lines![][11]][202] ## _[20.9_ distributed memory![][11]][203] # _[21_ trans-frames][204] ## _[21.1_ the pronouns of the mind][205] ## _[21.2_ pronomes][206] ## _[21.3_ trans-frames][207] ## _[21.4_ communication among agents][208] ## _[21.5_ automatism][209] ## _[21.6_ trans-frame pronomes][210] ## _[21.7_ generalizing with pronomes][211] ## _[21.8_ attention][212] | # _[22_ expression][213] ## _[22.1_ pronomes and polynemes][214] ## _[22.2_ isonomes][215] ## _[22.3_ de-specializing][216] ## _[22.4_ learning and teaching][217] ## _[22.5_ inference][218] ## _[22.6_ expression][219] ## _[22.7_ causes and clauses][220] ## _[22.8_ interruptions][221] ## _[22.9_ pronouns and references][222] ## _[22.10_ verbal expression][223] ## _[22.11_ creative expression][224] # _[23_ comparisons][225] ## _[23.1_ a world of differences][226] ## _[23.2_ differences and duplicates][227] ## _[23.3_ time blinking][228] ## _[23.4_ the meanings of more][229] ## _[23.5_ foreign accents][230] # _[24_ frames][231] ## _[24.1_ the speed of thought][232] ## _[24.2_ frames of mind][233] ## _[24.3_ How trans-frames work][234] ## _[24.4_ default assumptions][235] ## _[24.5_ nonverbal reasoning][236] ## _[24.6_ direction-nemes][237] ## _[24.7_ picture-frames![][11]][238] ## _[24.8_ how picture-frames work][239] ## _[24.9_ recognizers and memorizers][240] # _[25_ frame arrays][241] ## _[25.1_ one frame at a time?![][11]][242] ## _[25.2_ frame-arrays![][11]][243] ## _[25.3_ the stationary world][244] ## _[25.4_ the sense of continuity![][11]][245] ## _[25.5_ expectations][246] ## _[25.6_ the frame idea![][11]][247] # _[26_ language-frames][248] ## _[26.1_ understanding words![][11]][249] ## _[26.2_ understanding stories][250] ## _[26.3_ sentence-frames][251] ## _[26.4_ a party-frame![][11]][252] ## _[26.5_ story-frames][253] ## _[26.6_ sentence and nonsense][254] ## _[26.7_ frames for nouns][255] ## _[26.8_ frames for verbs][256] ## _[26.9_ language and vision][257] ## _[26.10_ learning language][258] ## _[26.11_ grammar][259] ## _[26.12_ coherent discourse][260] # _[27_ censors and jokes][261] ## _[27.1_ demons][262] ## _[27.2_ suppressors][263] ## _[27.3_ censors][264] ## _[27.4_ exceptions to logic][265] ## _[27.5_ jokes![][11]][266] ## _[27.6_ humor and censorship][267] ## _[27.7_ laughter![][11]][268] ## _[27.8_ good humor][269] # _[28_ the mind and the world][270] ## _[28.1_ the myth of mental energy][271] ## _[28.2_ magnitude and marketplace][272] ## _[28.3_ quantity and quality][273] ## _[28.4_ mind over matter][274] ## _[28.5_ the mind and the world][275] ## _[28.6_ minds and machines][276] ## _[28.7_ individual identities][277] ## _[28.8_ overlapping minds][278] # _[29_ the realms of thought][279] ## _[29.1_ the realms of thought][280] ## _[29.2_ several thoughts at once][281] ## _[29.3_ paranomes][282] ## _[29.4_ cross-realm correspondences][283] ## _[29.5_ the problem of unity][284] ## _[29.6_ autistic children][285] ## _[29.7_ likenesses and analogies][286] ## _[29.8_ metaphors][287] # _[30_ mental models![][11]][288] ## _[30.1_ knowing][289] ## _[30.2_ knowing and believing][290] ## _[30.3_ mental models][291] ## _[30.4_ world models][292] ## _[30.5_ knowing ourselves][293] ## _[30.6_ freedom of will][294] ## _[30.7_ the myth of the third alternative][295] ## _[30.8_ intelligence and resourcefulness][296] # [appendix][297] # [postscript][298] # [glossary][299] | [1]: http://aurellem.org/som-prologue.html [2]: http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky [3]: https://logical.ai [4]: 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