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---
created_at: '2015-11-27T11:13:21.000Z'
title: The Triumph of Stupidity (1933)
url: http://russell-j.com/0583TS.HTM
author: mutor
points: 392
story_text:
comment_text:
num_comments: 269
story_id:
story_title:
story_url:
parent_id:
created_at_i: 1448622801
_tags:
- story
- author_mutor
- story_10636818
objectID: '10636818'
---
[Source](http://russell-j.com/0583TS.HTM "Permalink to Bertrand RussellFThe Triumph of Stupidity")
# Bertrand RussellFThe Triumph of Stupidity
[**e-texts of Bertrand Russell's writings**][1]
* In: _Mortals and Others: Bertrand Russell's American Essays, 1931-1935, _v.2__, p.28.
What has been happening in Germany is a matter of the gravest portent for the whole civilised world. Throughout the last hundred and fifty years, individual Germans have done more to further civilisation than the individuals of any other country; during the latter half of this period, Germans, collectively, have been equally effective in degrading civilisation. At the present day the most distinguished names in the world of learning are still German; the most degraded and brutal government is also German. Of the individual Germans whose work has caused Germany to be respected, some are in exile, some in hiding, and some have disappeared, their fate unknown. Given a few years of Nazi rule, Germany will sink to the level of a horde of Goths.
What has happened? What has happened is quite simple. Those elements of the population which are both brutal and stupid (and these two qualities usually go together) have combined against the rest. By murder, by torture, by imprisonment, by the terrorism of armed forces, they have subjected the intelligent and humane parts of the nation and seized power with the view of furthering the glory of the Fatherland.
What has happened in Germany may well happen elsewhere. The British Fascists are not as yet a large party, but they are growing rapidly, and if at any future time there should be danger of a Labour Government that meant business, they would win the support of most of the governing classes. Meanwhile, the British government of India is a form of Fascism, all the worse for being alien. The British in India, like the Hitlerites in Germany, can only govern by putting the best people in prison.
Brute force plays a much larger part in the government of the world than it did before 1914, and what is especially alarming, force tends increasingly to fall into the hands of those who are enemies of civilisation. The danger is profound and terrible; it cannot be waved aside with easy optimism.
**The fundamental cause of the trouble is that in the modern world the stupid are cocksure while the intelligent are full of doubt.** Even those of the intelligent who believe that they have a nostrum are too individualistic to combine with other intelligent men from whom they differ on minor points. This was not always the case. A hundred years ago the philosophical radicals formed a school of intelligent men who were just as sure of themselves as the Hitlerites are; the result was that they dominated politics and that the world advanced rapidly both in intelligence and in material well-being.
It is quite true that the intelligence of the philosophical radicals was very limited. It is, I think, undeniable that the best men of the present day have a wider and truer outlook, but the best men of that day had influence, while the best men of this are impotent spectators. Perhaps we shall have to realise that scepticism and intellectual individualism are luxuries which in our tragic age must be forgone, and if intelligence is to be effective, it will have to be combined with a moral fervour which it usually possessed in the past but now usually lacks.
In this gloomy state of affairs, the brightest spot is America. In America democracy still appears well established, and the men in power deal with what is amiss by constructive measures, not by pogroms and wholesale imprisonment. After the defeat of the French Revolution, democracy; discredited by the reign of terror, reconquered the world from America. Perhaps America is destined once more to save Europe from the consequences of its excesses. (10 May 1933) |
[1]: http://russell-j.com/cool/E-ORIGL2.HTM

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---
[Source](https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/public/zen-art-motorcycle-maintenance/ "Permalink to On the road with Aristotle: &#039;Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance&#039;")
# On the road with Aristotle: &#039;Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance&#039;
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---
created_at: '2014-04-13T22:34:29.000Z'
title: Inside the Soviet Army (1982)
url: http://militera.lib.ru/research/suvorov12/index.html
author: kumarski
points: 115
story_text: ''
comment_text:
num_comments: 106
story_id:
story_title:
story_url:
parent_id:
created_at_i: 1397428469
_tags:
- story
- author_kumarski
- story_7583409
objectID: '7583409'
---
[Source](http://militera.lib.ru/research/suvorov12/index.html "Permalink to --[ ]-- Suvorov V. Inside the Soviet Army")
# --[ ]-- Suvorov V. Inside the Soviet Army
Part I: **The higher military leadership**
Why did the Soviet Tanks not threaten Romania?
Why was the Warsaw Treaty Organisation set up later than NATO?
The Bermuda Triangle
Why does the system of higher military control appear complicated?
Why is the make-up of the Defence Council kept secret?
The Organisation of the Soviet Armed Forces
High Commands in the Strategic Directions

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---
created_at: '2016-09-18T18:27:39.000Z'
title: The Semantics of Destructive Lisp (1986) [pdf]
url: http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00000086&mediaType=application/pdf
author: mr_tyzic
points: 55
story_text:
comment_text:
num_comments: 4
story_id:
story_title:
story_url:
parent_id:
created_at_i: 1474223259
_tags:
- story
- author_mr_tyzic
- story_12526439
objectID: '12526439'
---
[Source](http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00000086 "Permalink to Apache Tomcat/6.0.24 - Error report")
# Apache Tomcat/6.0.24 - Error report
* * *
**type** Status report
**message** _A 'CSNID' and 'mediaType' parameter are required._
**description** _The request sent by the client was syntactically incorrect (A 'CSNID' and 'mediaType' parameter are required.)._
* * *
### Apache Tomcat/6.0.24

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---
created_at: '2011-03-02T14:27:47.000Z'
title: Someone is stealing your life (1990)
url: http://www.lycaeum.org/mv/M2/ventura.html
author: zizek
points: 167
story_text: ''
comment_text:
num_comments: 159
story_id:
story_title:
story_url:
parent_id:
created_at_i: 1299076067
_tags:
- story
- author_zizek
- story_2279632
objectID: '2279632'
---
[Source](http://www.lycaeum.org/mv/M2/ventura.html "Permalink")
>By Michael Ventura
>(Excerpted from LA Weekly 26-Jan-90)
Most American adults wake around 6 ot 7 in the morning. Get to work at 8 or 9. Knock off around 5. Home again, 6-ish. Fifty weeks a year. For about 45 years. Most are glad to have the work, but don't really choose it. They may dream, they may study and even train for work they intensely want; but sooner or later, for most, that doesn't pan out. Then they take what they can and make do. Most have families to support, so they need their jobs more than their jobs admit to needing them. They're employees. And, as employees, most have no say whatsoever about much of anything on the job. The purpose or service, the short and long-term goals of the company, are considered quite literally "none of their business" - though these issues drastically influence every aspect of their lives. No matter that they've given years to the day-to-day survival of the business; employees (even when they're called "managers") mostly take orders. Or else. It seems an odd way to structure a free society: Most people have little or no authority over what they do five days a week for 45 years. Doesn't sound much like "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." Sounds like a nation of drones.
It used to be that one's compensation for being an American drone was the freedom to live in one's own house, in one's own quirky way, in a clean and safe community in which your children had the chance to be happier, richer drones than you. But working stiffs can't afford houses now, fewer communities are clean, none are safe, and your kid's prospects are worse. (This condition may be because for five days a week, for 45 years, you had no say - while other people have been making decisions that haven't been good for you.) I'm not sure whose happiness we've been pursuing lately, but one thing is clear: It's not the happiness of those who've done our society's work.
On the other hand - or so they say - you're free, and if you don't like your job you can pursue happiness by starting a business of your very own, by becoming an "independent" entrepreneur. But you're only as independent as your credit rating. And to compete in the business community, you'll find yourself having to treat others - your employees - as much like slaves as you can get away with. Pay them as little as they'll tolerate and give them no say in anything, because that's what's most efficient and profitable. Money is the absolute standard. Freedom, and the dignity and well-being of one's fellow creatures, simply don't figure in the basic formula.
This may seem a fairly harsh way to state the rules America now lives by. But if I sound radical, it's not from doing a lot of reading in some cozy university, then dashing off to dispense opinion as a prima donna of the alternative press. I learned about drones by droning. From ages 18 to 29 (minus a few distracted months at college when I was 24) I worked the sort of jobs that I expected to have all my life: typesetter for two years, tape transcriber for three, proofreader (a grossly incompetent one) for a few weeks, messenger for a few months, and secretary (yes, secretary) for a year and a half. Then I stopped working steadily and the jobs got funkier: hospital orderly, vacuum-cleaner salesman, Jack-in-the-Box counterperson, waiter, nail hammerer, cement mixer, toilet scrubber, driver.
It was during the years of office work that I caught on: I got two weeks' paid vacation per year. A year has 52 weeks. Even a comparatively unskilled, uneducated worker like me, who couldn't (still can't) do fractions or long division - even I had enough math to figure that two goes into 52 ... how many times? Twenty-sic. Meaning it would take me 26 years on the job to accumulate one year for myself. And I could only have that in 26 pieces, so it wouldn't even feel like a year. In other words, no time was truly mine. My boss merely allowed me an illusion of freedom, a little space in which to catch my breath, in between the 50 weeks that I lived that he owned. My employer uses 26 years of my life for every year I get to keep. And what do I get in return for this enormous thing I am giving? What do I get in return for my life?
A paycheck that's as skimpy as they can get away with. If I'm lucky, some health insurance. (If I'm really lucky, the employer's definition of "health" will include my teeth and my eyes - maybe even my mind.) And, in a truly enlightened workplace, just enough pension or "profit-sharing" to keep me sweet but not enough to make life different. And that's it.
Compare this to what my employer gets: If the company is successful, he (it's usually a he) gets a standard of living beyond my wildest dreams, including what I would consider fantastic protection for his family, and a world of access that I can only pitifully mimic by changing channels on my TV. His standard of living wouldn't be possible without the labor of people like me - but my employer doesn't think that's a very significant fact. He certainly doesn't think that this fact entitles me to any say about the business. Not to mention a significant share in ownership. Oh no. The business is his to do with as he pleases, and he owns my work. Period.
I don't mean that bosses don't work. Most work hard, and have the satisfaction of knowning that what they do is thiers. Great. The problem is: What I do is theirs too. Yet if my companion workers and I didn't do what we do - then nobody would be anybody's. So how come what we do is hardly ours? How come he can get rich while we're lucky to break even? How come he can do anything he wants with the company without consulting us, yet we do the bulk of the work and take the brunt of the consequences?
The only answer provided is that the employer came up with the money to start the enterprise in the first place; hence, he and his money people decide everything and get all the benefits.
Excuse me, but that seems a little unbalanced. It doesn't take into account that nothing happens unless work is done. Shouldn't it follow that, work being so important, the doers of that work deserve a more just formula for measuring who gets what? There's no doubt that the people who risked or raised the money to form a company, or bail it out of trouble, deserve a fair return on their investment - but is it fair that they get everything? It takes more than investment and management to make a company live. It takes the labor, skill, and talent of the people who do the company's work. Isn't that an investment? Doesn't it deserve a fair return, a voice, a share of the power?
I know this sounds awfully simplistic, but no school ever taught me anything about the ways of economics and power (perhaps because they didn't want me to know), so I had to figure it out slowly, based on what I saw around me every day. And I saw:
That it didn't matter how long I worked or what a good job I did. I could get incremental raises, perhaps even medical benefits and a few bonuses, but I would not be allowed power over my own life - no power over the fundamental decisions on which my life depends. My future is in the hands of people whose names I often don't know and whom I never meet. Their investment is the only factor taken seriously. They feed on my work, on my life, but reserve for themselves all power, perogative, and profit.
Slowly, very slowly, I came to a conclusion that for me was fundamental: My employwers are stealing my life.
They. Are. Stealing. My. Life.
If the people who do the work don't own some part of the product, and don't have any power over what happens to their enterprise - they are being robbed. And don't think for a minute that those who are robbing you don't know they are robbing you. They know how much they get from you and how little they give back. They are thieves. They are stealing your life.
The assembly-line worker isn't responsible for the decimation of the American auto industry, for instance. Those responsible are those who've been hurt least, executives and stockholders who, according to the Los Angeles Times, make 50 to 500 times what the assembly-line worker makes, but who've done a miserable job of managing. Yet it's the workers who suffer most. Layoffs, plant closings, and such are no doubt necessary - like the bumper stickers say, shit happens - but it is not necessary that workers have no power in the fundamental management decisions involved.
As a worker, I am not an "operating cost." I am how the job gets done. I am the job. I am the company. Without me and my companion workers, there's nothing. I'm willing to take my lumps in a world in which little is certain, but I deserve a say. Not just some cosmetic "input," but significant power in good times or bad. A place at the table where decisions are made. Nothing less is fair. So nothing less is moral.
And if you, as owners or management or government, deny me this - then you are choosing not to be moral, and you are committing a crime against me. Do you expect me not to struggle?
Do you expect us to be forever passive while you get rich stealing our lives?

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# John Cleese – Lecture On Creativity | Genius
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@ -372,53 +351,6 @@ So be careful.
Thank you, and good night. Thank you.
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---
created_at: '2011-03-19T17:41:48.000Z'
title: The Idea about Ideas (2005)
url: http://paultyma.blogspot.com/2005/12/idea-about-ideas.html
author: nfriedly
points: 51
story_text: ''
comment_text:
num_comments: 5
story_id:
story_title:
story_url:
parent_id:
created_at_i: 1300556508
_tags:
- story
- author_nfriedly
- story_2344191
objectID: '2344191'
---
[Source](http://paultyma.blogspot.com/2005/12/idea-about-ideas.html "Permalink to Paul Tyma: The Idea about Ideas")
# Paul Tyma: The Idea about Ideas
I have an idea - I am going to start dating Julia Roberts
You're probably laughing at me aren't you. The idea of dating Julia Roberts is pretty far fetched - at a minimum I'm not a movie star, I'm likely not her type, and my girlfriend is likely to present a significant impedance to the entire process. Not to mention Julia Roberts is (statistically speaking) probably involved in a relationship at this time.
When you think about it, you didn't laugh at me because trying to date Julia Roberts is a bad idea - it isn't. In fact, millions of men on earth will tell you it sounds like a very, very (very) good idea. You laughed at me because making that idea a reality is really hard. In fact, while it may not be impossible, it's close.
You've heard that ideas are a "dime a dozen" and you might even believe it. Despite this, you've also probably found your self in a position of having an idea you're sure is revolutionary. You probably can't help it (I know I can't). Truth be told there are very few ideas that are original. The problem is that we are animals that create ideas based upon the work of others whether we realize it or not.
After 1.5 years running, I still get on average 2 or 3 "thank you" emails a week for having the mailinator.com service running. If you don't know about it, it's a neat idea where email accounts are only created once the email arrives for them. The nice part about that is that if you need an email address for some service on the web that asks for your email (which you know they will spam if you give it) you can simply make up anything@mailinator.com and give them that. Later, you can then check that email box. After that, you never worry about that email address again while nefarious spammers put it on every list they own. Score one for the little guy. (Read the FAQ for more info and a good laugh).
The part that gets me is that every now and then one of those emails tell me "your mailinator idea is brilliant!" - (or something similar). It seems like a lot of people are happy about the service but a good chunk are stunned by "an idea so brilliantly simple, I should have thought of it.". Check here, here, and here for some quick googly results of "mailinator idea".
There are only two flaws in someone telling me "your mailinator idea is brilliant!". One is that, the basic idea of mailinator wasn't mine. It was Jack's. Jack is an aspiring ex-resident of Syracuse, NY, idea guy, my ex-roommate, and is currently conducting the well-known "how long can i go without cutting any hair on my body" experiment. I remember sitting across from him and a beer having the conversation:
Jack: Hi Bartender
Paul: Hi Bartender
...
*several beers later*
...
Jack: There should be a service that accepts email for any address
Paul: They already have those they call them stuff like "ya-hoo" and "H O T mail".
Jack: No, no, no.
Paul: yes.
Jack: No.
Paul: yep.
Jack: No - I mean with NO registration. Every conceivable account already exists.
Paul: That's a lot of accounts. And if there is no registration, how do you set your password?
Jack: No password.
Paul: So how do you prevent people from reading everyone else's email?
Jack: That's the brilliance - You don't!
Paul: Thinking of this is making me dumber. Please stop.
Jack: No! It's like any and every email box that any and every body can use!
Paul: That's it. Bartender - regardless what we order from here on out - just bring pepsi. We won't know.
Jack: You're not meant to "own" an email address. It's more like a disposable one.
Paul: Oh... huh. It becomes a cesspool people can use to redirect lots of spam to.
Jack: Yep.
Paul: Nice idea - but 1) No business model - very hard to charge for that. 2) It is going to cost a lot of servers and a lot bandwidth to handle all that spam. It's not necessarily a bad idea to give away a free service, but sort of silly if you're paying a lot to do it.
Jack: We can charge for ads.
Paul: If you're basing your whole business model on charging for web ads, you've already lost (unless of course, you're Google).
Jack: Oh yah.
Paul: Could try it though. Could setup some super draconian filtering to handle the onslaught.
Jack: (to someone else) Hi, I'm Jack. You smell good. Wanna go for a ride in my Le Car?
Paul: The bandwidth may not be as bad as we think if we refuse attachments.
Jack: wtf.. this is pepsi
Paul: If we're lucky the dam might hold.
It took me about 2 days to code up mailinator - I already had the servers and a graphic designer girlfriend. Turns out that it (surprisingly) worked fabulously.
This whole thing helped shape my idea about ideas. In long consideration I've sketched another of my life rules that there are actually only 4 types of new ideas (besides infeasible/bad ones) and the news is not good for those thinking they had a "brilliant" idea. The second flaw (from above) in the "your mailinator idea is brilliant" thing is that it wasn't all that brilliant - it might have simply been destined to happen. Here they are:
1) The "obviously next" idea
This is by far the most common type of idea. And surprisingly stuff like Einstein's theory of relativity fall in here. Basically said, the idea is merely an extension of existing knowledge. Someone is bound to think of this - overall if you've collected all relevant, existing knowledge in a (possibly highly technical) area - it's the obvious next step. It's obvious to think that if Einstein had not discovered the theory of relativity (that discovery surely moved forward based upon some of his own ideas) someone else would have. They say Poincare was hot on the trail. Clearly, Einstein, Poincare and every other scientist in that field were basing their work on the work of countless others before them. If nothing else they had an understanding of calculus, newton's laws, and a plethora of scientific fact invented by other folks that let them get to where they were.
Thinking a bit more modern (and a lot less theoretical), when the WWW appeared it provided a platform for millions of new workable, ideas. Someone out there said "Hey this is a new way to sell tires!" And they were right. But their idea wasn't the web and tire sales. It was really just "given the web" I can do "tire sales". This idea (along with scads of others) was destined to happen, tirerack.com or not. Given that tirerack is a profitable business, this was certainly a "good" idea.
(fyi: by no means am I comparing the complexity of the ideas of selling tires and the theory of relativity - I am merely pointing out that both ideas were in some senses logical steps from work done by other/previous people and would have eventually happened with or without the credited dreamers).
2) The "now we're ready" idea
I remember when the likes of Wolfenstein3D and Doom graced the computer gaming scene a good few years back. They were revolutionary. They changed the face of computer gaming forever. They were the first (popular) 3-dimensional games. The interesting part was the creators of those games invented almost none of the technology that went in to the game. All the 3d math had been around for a long time. Even 3d worlds existed on powerful computers.
What those guys did recognize however was that common PC computing power had finally reached a place where it could make 3d graphics work in real-time. That was not possible before. 3d graphics surely were - but running down a 3d hall in a speedy enough manner to think you actually were was not. You can probably extrapolate backwards and think of examples of things people probably thought of before the technology was ready (i.e., wooden swords, the external-combustion engine, the bark condom).
In a nutshell, this type of idea is waiting for technology or methodology to catch up but has probably been thought of by 100 people. Its the "I've got a great idea how to mine gold on pluto" -- now we just need to be able to get to pluto and hope there is gold there.
3) The "but it's not infeasible if" idea
This is the type of idea where mailinator fits in and of course, so do many others. Basically, a decent idea is thought up by many people (ala type #1) but is killed somewhere along the way as infeasible. That infeasibility can be monetary or technical (note that type #2 is really just a subset here "it's possible if we had the technology") or probably a big list of other things.
From an external perspective it looked like Hotmail was an idea to lose money. In fact, tons of web businesses are started giving away free services. It's a risky business but the hope is that they'll catch up some revenue somehow on the backend (God help us if it's web-ads). Effectively this type of idea is bucking accepted wisdom. It's the "They say this won't work" type idea but somehow does anyway. More often it's a case that these ideas fail but we don't hear much about those. It's the ones that succeed that make for good stories.
No idiot in his right mind would open up a service with no income and ask for millions of spam messages. The trick was finding some slight idea-modifiers that made it work. To this day I also get yelled at for having too draconian of policies on mailinator (the anti-abuse code kicks in a lot). The real answer there is that if that code didn't exist, neither would mailinator. That's what made it feasible contrary to common sense.
4) The "luminary" idea
This is the type of idea we all think of when we have one. We've got an idea that we're sure is revolutionary. That's pretty hard when there is 6 billion of us running around. Do the math - not much can be unique among us.
What's worse is that I can't think of a real good example of this. Surely these cannot be extensions of a type#2 or type#3 since those are by definition already thought up just waiting for something to happen. It must be an extension of a type #1. Any new idea must be based on what we know. How far someone is able to think ahead however is the distinction to making something luminary. Something not destined to be thought up by someone else for many years. If we can theorize that if Einstein had never existed it would have been 50 years (or 100 years or whatever you like) before someone else thought it up - we can probably classify it as luminary.
Speaking of having no examples - I'm still working on this list. I can't think of an idea that doesn't fit in categories 1-3 and consequently I can't think of a type#4 idea. Its just seems like it should be there. I am open to suggestions.
The point of this article is not to dissuade you from having good ideas. By my logic, there are always new, great ideas waiting to be thought up. Every time someone thinks of one, two more can be built from there. In fact, you don't even have to think them up first. You merely have to act on them first. Given how fast our technology advances, it's a good idea to perpetually reconsider infeasible ideas every now and then. You never know when an infeasible idea might become feasible.
Unfortunately, I think the idea of me dating Julia Roberts will forever remain infeasible. Even if technology advances to such a state that somehow allows it to happen I won't get very far. See, I have played WWII computer games with my girlfriend and I've seen that girl with a sniper rifle. She's a crackshot and stealthy as a ghost. Julia and I may get to dinner and possibly even a movie, but if she reaches over to give me so much as a nuzzle - I'll be taking an dirt-nap. And that won't be a good idea.

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---
created_at: '2011-08-16T14:40:34.000Z'
title: Ten Rules for Web Startups (2005)
url: http://evhead.com/2005/11/ten-rules-for-web-startups.asp
author: maxplat
points: 51
story_text: ''
comment_text:
num_comments: 6
story_id:
story_title:
story_url:
parent_id:
created_at_i: 1313505634
_tags:
- story
- author_maxplat
- story_2891327
objectID: '2891327'
---
[Source](https://evhead.com/2005/11/ten-rules-for-web-startups.asp "Permalink to 302 Found")
# 302 Found
# 302 Found
* * *
nginx

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---
created_at: '2016-01-12T17:43:03.000Z'
title: A new proof of Euclid's Theorem (2006)
url: http://fermatslibrary.com/s/a-new-proof-of-euclids-theorem
author: bezierc
points: 56
story_text:
comment_text:
num_comments: 31
story_id:
story_title:
story_url:
parent_id:
created_at_i: 1452620583
_tags:
- story
- author_bezierc
- story_10888893
objectID: '10888893'
---
[Source](http://fermatslibrary.com/s/a-new-proof-of-euclids-theorem "Permalink to
Fermat&#39;s Library | A new proof of Euclid&#39;s Theorem annotated/explained version.
")
#
Fermat&#39;s Library | A new proof of Euclid&#39;s Theorem annotated/explained version.
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Euclid's Theorem is one of the fundamental results in number theory...
In this paper Filip Saidak, Professor at The University of North Ca...
$Q = p_1.p_2...p_k + 1= P+1 $ is either prime or not. 1\. If Q i...
Why are you not specific here. Just pick one, say 2.
Two numbers are coprime if their highest common factor (or greatest...
Besides being a concise constructive proof, Saidak's relies solely ...
This is another incomplete argument. Be precise: "which process" an...
IMO you are not giving a complete argument here. If you spell out t...
American Math. Monthly, Vol 113, No. 10, December 2006.
A NEW PROOF OF EUCLID'S THEOREM
FILIP SAIDAK
A prime number is an integer greater than 1 that is divisible only
by 1 and itself. Mathematicians have been studying primes and their
properties for over twenty-three centuries. One of the very first results
concerning these numbers was presumably proved by Euclid of Alexan-
dria, sometime before 300 B.C. In Book IX of his legendary Elements
(see [2]) we find Proposition 20, which states:
Proposition. There are infinitely many prime numbers.
Euclid's proof (modernized). Assume to the contrary that the set
P of all prime numbers is finite, say P = {p
1
, p
2
, · · · , p
k
} for a positive
integer k. If Q := (p
1
p
2
· · · p
k
)+1, then gcd(Q, p
i
) = 1 for i = 1, 2, · · · k.
Therefore Q has to have a prime factor different from all existing primes.
That is a contradiction. 
Today many proofs of Euclid's theorem are known. It may come as a
surprise that the following almost trivial argument has not been given
before:
New proof. Let n be an arbitrary positive integer greater than 1. Since
n and n + 1 are consecutive integers, they must be coprime. Hence the
number N
2
= n(n + 1) must have at least two different prime factors.
Similarly, since the integers n(n+1) and n(n+1)+1 are consecutive, and
therefore coprime, the number N
3
= n(n + 1)[n(n + 1) + 1] must have
at least three different prime factors. This process can be continued
indefinitely, so the number of primes must be infinite. 
1
Analysis. The proof just given is conceptually even simpler than the
original proof due to Euclid, since it does not use Eudoxus's method of
"reductio ad absurdum," proof by contradiction. And unlike most other
proofs of the theorem, it does not require Proposition 30 of Elements
(sometimes called "Euclid's Lemma") that states: if p is a prime and
p|ab, then either p|a or p|b. Moreover, our proof is constructive, and it
gives integers with an arbitrary number of prime factors.
Remarks. In Ribenboim [4, pp.3–11] and Narkiewicz [3, pp.1–10] one
finds at least a dozen different proofs of the classical theorem of Euclid,
and many other variations of the arguments listed in [1], [3], and [4] have
been published over the years (in chronological order) by: Goldbach
(1730), Euler (1737 and 1762), Kummer (1878), Perott (1881), Stieltjes
(1890), Thue (1897), Brocard (1915), P´olya (1921), Erd˝os (1938), Bell-
man (1947), F¨urstenberg (1955), Barnes (1976), Washington (1980),
and others. Goldbach's proof (see [4], p.4), which uses pairwise copri-
mality of Fermat numbers, seems to be closest in spirit to the argument
we have presented.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Personal and virtual conversations with
Professors Paulo Ribenboim (Queen's University) and Eduard Kos-
tolansky (Bratislava) are gratefully acknowledged. I would also like to
thank Professor W ladyslaw Narkiewicz (Wroclaw) for bringing to my
attention Hermite's very simple proof concerning n! + 1.
References
[1] M. Aigner and G. M. & Ziegler, Proofs from THE BOOK, Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
1999
[2] T. L. Heath,The Thirteen Books of Euclid's Elements, vol. 2, University Press,
Cambridge, 1908; 2nd ed. reprinted by Dover, New York, 1956.
[3] W. Narkiewicz, The Development of Prime Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, New
York, 2000
[4] P. Ribenboim, The New Book of Prime Number Records, Springer-Verlag, New York,
1996
2
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Discussion
@Heinrich The implicit claim is that $N_i$ contains at least $i$ different prime factors. $N_i + 1$ is coprime with $N_i$, so it has $geq 1$ prime factor different from the $geq i$ different prime factors in $N_i$. Thus, $N_{i+1} := N_i (N_i + 1)$ has $geq i+1$ different prime factors. Together with the base case that $N_1 := n > 1$ has at least one prime factor, this proves the claim via induction. Euclid's Theorem is one of the fundamental results in number theory, which asserts that there are infinitely many prime numbers. The first proof of Euclid's Theorem was in the 9th book of Euclid's geometric treatise ( Elements) in 300 B.C. . ![The frontispiece of Sir Henry Billingsley's first English version of Euclid's Elements, 1570](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Title_page_of_Sir_Henry_Billingsley%27s_first_English_version_of_Euclid%27s_Elements%2C_1570_%28560x900%29.jpg) Figure: The frontispiece of Sir Henry Billingsley's first English version of Euclid's Elements, 1570 This is another incomplete argument. Be precise: "which process" and why are the generated numbers different from each other? Why should there be 3 different prime factors? Why are you not specific here. Just pick one, say 2. Saidak's new proof seems awfully similar to his restatement of Euclid's proof. In both cases the key is that any finite set of primes ${p_1, p_2, ..., p_n}$ can be extended by appending the prime factors of $p_1p_2(...)p_n+1$, which don't belong to ${p_1, ..., p_n}$. Daniel Roca González: Yes. Besides being a concise constructive proof, Saidak's relies solely on the property that consecutive integers are coprime and that's what makes this proof unique. And even if there were three, why can't two of them coincede? E.g. $2 cdot 2 cdot 3$ ? You are not giving a complete argument here. Coprime means that two numbers share no common prime factors. $n$ and $n+1$ share no prime factors, so $n(n+1)$ must have at least 2 prime factors. Consequently, the number after $n(n+1)$, $n(n+1)+1$ shares no common factors with $n(n+1)$, so it must share no common factors with either $n$ or $n+1$ since you can't get new prime factors by multiplying together $n$ and $n+1$ Two numbers are coprime if their highest common factor (or greatest common divisor) is 1. IMO you are not giving a complete argument here. If you spell out the details to make it rigorous by modern standards, you will likely need more then half a page. Euclids proof, on the other hand is super clean and concise. While Euclid's proof is usually reworded like this, it is not actually necessary to use contradiction in this way. Instead of assuming P is the finite set of all prime numbers, you can take $P$ to be any finite set of primes, and follow in the same way. The proof shows that $Q$ has a prime factor which is not in $P$, which already proves the premise since $P$ was arbitrary. You can use this iteratively(just put the new prime in the set $P$ and apply the proof again to get a new prime) to generate an infinite set of primes, just like Saidak's proof, and it's just as simple. Thx @Erik for spelling it out. I think this argument deserves a little more elaboration than just "Similarly" in a proof of an elementary result, that should be digestible by beginners. In this paper Filip Saidak, Professor at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, comes up with a proof that is conceptually even simpler than Euclid's proof. Euclid's Theorem has been proved by several other famous mathematicians including Euler and Paul Erdos. Euler's and Erdo's proofs relied on the fundamental theorem of arithmetic: that every integer has a unique prime factorization. To see their proofs [click here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid%27s_theorem#Proof_using_factorials) $Q = p_1.p_2...p_k + 1= P+1 $ is either prime or not. 1\. If Q is prime then by contradiction there's one more prime in the set P 2\. If Q is not prime, there is a $p_i$ in the set P that divides Q. By definition, since $p_i$ is in the list it will also divide P. If $p_i$ divides Q and P it will also divide its difference $Q-P=1$, which is a contradiction since no prime number divides 1. This means that $p_i$ is a prime number and can't be in the list! As can be seen, Euclid proves the result by contradiction, assuming that the initial set P contains all the prime numbers. Saidak's proof unlike Euclid's avoids the "reductio ad absurdum" method.
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---
created_at: '2017-10-24T17:43:32.000Z'
title: Self-Control Relies on Glucose as a Limited Energy Source (2007)
url: http://fermatslibrary.com/s/self-control-relies-on-glucose-as-a-limited-energy-source-willpower-is-more-than-a-metaphor
author: Goosee
points: 164
story_text:
comment_text:
num_comments: 113
story_id:
story_title:
story_url:
parent_id:
created_at_i: 1508867012
_tags:
- story
- author_Goosee
- story_15543486
objectID: '15543486'
---
[Source](http://fermatslibrary.com/s/self-control-relies-on-glucose-as-a-limited-energy-source-willpower-is-more-than-a-metaphor "Permalink to
Fermat&#39;s Library | Self-Control Relies on Glucose as a Limited Energy Source: Willpower Is More Than a Metaphor annotated/explained version.
")
#
Fermat&#39;s Library | Self-Control Relies on Glucose as a Limited Energy Source: Willpower Is More Than a Metaphor annotated/explained version.

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---
created_at: '2018-01-31T08:31:00.000Z'
title: 'Sleep and Mortality: A Population-Based 22-Year Follow-Up Study (2007)'
url: https://fermatslibrary.com/s/sleep-and-mortality-a-population-based-22-year-follow-up-study
author: onderkalaci
points: 138
story_text:
comment_text:
num_comments: 37
story_id:
story_title:
story_url:
parent_id:
created_at_i: 1517387460
_tags:
- story
- author_onderkalaci
- story_16272399
objectID: '16272399'
---
[Source](https://fermatslibrary.com/s/sleep-and-mortality-a-population-based-22-year-follow-up-study "Permalink to
Fermat&#39;s Library | Sleep and Mortality: A Population-Based 22-Year Follow-Up Study annotated/explained version.
")
#
Fermat&#39;s Library | Sleep and Mortality: A Population-Based 22-Year Follow-Up Study annotated/explained version.

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[Source](http://www.paulgraham.com/trolls.html "Permalink to Trolls")
# Trolls
| ----- |
| ![][1] | ![][2] | ![][3]
| ![Trolls][4]
February 2008
@ -62,39 +55,19 @@ So far the experiment seems to be working. The level of conversation on News.YC
I'm optimistic we will. We're not depending just on technical tricks. The core users of News.YC are mostly refugees from other sites that were overrun by trolls. They feel about trolls roughly the way refugees from Cuba or Eastern Europe feel about dictatorships. So there are a lot of people working to keep this from happening again.
**Notes**
[1] I mean forum in the general sense of a place to exchange views. The original Internet forums were not web sites but Usenet newsgroups.
[2] I'm talking here about everyday tagging. Some graffiti is quite impressive (anything becomes art if you do it well enough) but the median tag is just visual spam.
|
| ----- |
| ![][2] |
| ![][9][Russian Translation][10]![][2]
|
| ![][2] |
| ----- |
|
* * *
|
|
[1]: http://ep.yimg.com/ay/paulgraham/essays-1.gif
[2]: http://ep.yimg.com/ca/Img/trans_1x1.gif
[3]: http://ep.yimg.com/ca/I/paulgraham_2271_3232

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---
created_at: '2010-11-28T21:49:32.000Z'
title: Australia blocks access to Wikileaks, $11K/day fine for linking to it (2009)
url: http://www.techradar.com/news/internet/australian-government-adds-wikileaks-to-banned-website-list-585894
author: mcantelon
points: 87
story_text: ''
comment_text:
num_comments: 66
story_id:
story_title:
story_url:
parent_id:
created_at_i: 1290980972
_tags:
- story
- author_mcantelon
- story_1948436
objectID: '1948436'
---
[Source](https://www.techradar.com/news/internet/australian-government-adds-wikileaks-to-banned-website-list-585894 "Permalink to 301 Moved Permanently")
# 301 Moved Permanently
# 301 Moved Permanently
* * *
nginx

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---
created_at: '2011-02-23T19:42:08.000Z'
title: How To Be a Consultant, a freelancer or an independent contractor (2009)
url: http://jacquesmattheij.com/be-consultant+/
author: renofwon
points: 88
story_text: ''
comment_text:
num_comments: 6
story_id:
story_title:
story_url:
parent_id:
created_at_i: 1298490128
_tags:
- story
- author_renofwon
- story_2255463
objectID: '2255463'
---
[Source](https://jacquesmattheij.com/be-consultant "Permalink to How to be a Consultant, a Freelancer, or an Independent Contractor · Jacques Mattheij")
# How to be a Consultant, a Freelancer, or an Independent Contractor · Jacques Mattheij
This is a series of pages that guide you through the creation and operation of a successful consulting business. I've written this after running a fairly successful consultancy business in the mid-90's and reviving this business in 2008. I'm primarily active in software, so some of the things in here will be skewed in that direction, but I'll do my best to keep it general, and to make it 'location independent'.
The reason I wrote this up is because on the [Hacker News forum][1] people will post questions regarding freelancing, and given the nature of the medium it is not always feasible to put all the time and effort into writing an answer as good as possible. So, this is dedicated to all those HN'ers that help me with my questions, I hope this balanced the scales a bit.
This book assumes several things:
* that you have a skill
* that this skill is marketable
* that you are willing to work reasonably hard
* that you have some self discipline
If all of those are answerable with 'yes' then there is no reason why you could not run a business of your own.
In the larger context of 'starting up' a consultancy business is an excellent way to bootstrap yourself into something larger, it gives you lots of very useful knowledge about running a business and it will get you a lot of contacts.
You will also make a half decent living.
The chapters are laid out more or less in the order that you will need them, the whole thing should read like a book, but feel free to dip in or skip pieces that you are already familiar with.
If you should find yourself in disagreement with what I wrote here or wish to comment on a passage (or if you want to suggest improvements) by all means, do contact me, jacques@mattheij.com is my email address, I've also enabled comments at the bottom of every page to make it easier to comment on the content 'in context'.
I should probably add that this stuff is written by someone who started out in Europe, and lived in Canada for about 5 years, so the experience in here will be somewhat biased because of that, even though I've tried to keep that sort of location based information to a minimum, and to keep it as generally applicable as possible.
[1]: http://news.ycombinator.com/

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---
[Source](http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2010/02/the_chemists_war.html "Permalink to The little-told story of how the U.S. government poisoned alcohol during Prohibition.")
# The little-told story of how the U.S. government poisoned alcohol during Prohibition.
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# The little-told story of how the U.S. government poisoned alcohol during Prohibition.
# The little-told story of how the U.S. government poisoned alcohol during Prohibition.
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Health and Science has moved! You can find [new stories here][7].
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# The Chemist's War
[ ][4]
[ ][4]
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## The little-told story of how the U.S. government poisoned alcohol during Prohibition with deadly consequences.
By [Deborah Blum][10]
[ ][5]
[ ][4]
[ ][4]
[ ][11]
[   ][12]
![100219_MEDEX_ElkLake][13] A police raid confiscating illegal alcohol, in Elk Lake, Canada, in 1925.
Archives de l' Ontario / Wikimedia Commons
@ -125,68 +73,8 @@ Officially, the special denaturing program ended only once the 18th Amendment wa
_**Correction, Feb. 22, 2010: **The article originally and incorrectly said that the 18th Amendment banned the sale and consumption of alcohol. It banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol, not consumption. ([Return][19]  to the corrected sentence.)_
_Become a fan of  [**Slate** on Facebook][20]. Follow us on  [Twitter][21]._
Deborah Blum is a Pulitzer Prize–winning science writer, the director of the Knight Science Journalism Fellowship Program at MIT, and the publisher of _Undark_.
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by [Steve Klabnik][1]
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objectID: '9814741'
---
[Source](http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/greek-debt-crisis-how-goldman-sachs-helped-greece-to-mask-its-true-debt-a-676634.html "Permalink to Greek Debt Crisis: How Goldman Sachs Helped Greece to Mask its True Debt - SPIEGEL ONLINE")
# Greek Debt Crisis: How Goldman Sachs Helped Greece to Mask its True Debt - SPIEGEL ONLINE
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* # Greek Debt Crisis: How Goldman Sachs Helped Greece to Mask its True Debt
## Greek Debt Crisis How Goldman Sachs Helped Greece to Mask its True Debt
**Goldman Sachs helped the Greek government to mask the true extent of its deficit with the help of a derivatives deal that legally circumvented the EU Maastricht deficit rules. At some point the so-called cross currency swaps will mature, and swell the country's already bloated deficit.**
[ ![Greek Finance Minister George Papaconstantinou speaking at a conference in January. ][180] ][181]
dpa
Greek Finance Minister George Papaconstantinou speaking at a conference in January.
By Beat Balzli
__
**February 08, 2010**  06:55 PM
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[Source](http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/greek-debt-crisis-how-goldman-sachs-helped-greece-to-mask-its-true-debt-a-676634.html "Permalink to Greek Debt Crisis: How Goldman Sachs Helped Greece to Mask its True Debt - SPIEGEL ONLINE")
Greeks aren't very welcome in the Rue Alphones Weicker in Luxembourg. It's home to Eurostat, the European Union's statistical office. The number crunchers there are deeply annoyed with Athens. Investigative reports state that important data "cannot be confirmed" or has been requested but "not received."
@ -301,147 +45,6 @@ At some point Greece will have to pay up for its swap transactions, and that wil
The bank declined to comment on the controversial deal. The Greek Finance Ministry did not respond to a written request for comment.
Article...
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Related SPIEGEL ONLINE links
* [Interview with German Government Economic Adviser: Euro Zone 'Could Cope with Greek Bankruptcy'][185] (02/05/2010)
* [Europe's Lehman Brothers: Brussels Intervenes to Slow Greece's Plunge][186] (02/04/2010)
* [Pressure to Reform: European Union Puts Greece under Financial Surveillance][187] (02/03/2010)
* [Betting on Default: Hedge Funds Speculate on Greek Debt][188] (02/01/2010)
Related Topics
* #### [Euro Crisis 2010][179]
* [**Banking and Finance][189]**
* [**Euro Crisis][190]**
* [**Greek Debt Crisis 2010][191]**
* [**Greece][192]**
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32
add-metadata.rb
View File

@ -5,6 +5,18 @@ require 'front_matter_parser'
stories = JSON.parse File.read 'stories.json'
def is_hard_url(url)
# We don't want PDFs for now
if url.split(//).last(4).join === '.pdf'
return true
# Or fermatlibrary links
elsif /fermatslibrary/.match(url)
return true
end
return false
end
stories.each do |year, storiesByYear|
storiesByYear.each do |story|
story.delete '_highlightResult'
@ -15,9 +27,9 @@ stories.each do |year, storiesByYear|
next if url.nil?
# We don't want PDF for now
if url.split(//).last(4).join === '.pdf'
if is_hard_url(url)
File.delete fn if File.exist? fn
next
end
@ -33,7 +45,23 @@ stories.each do |year, storiesByYear|
File.delete fn
end
else
puts "[DL] #{url}"
begin
http = Curl.get("http://heckyesmarkdown.com/go/", {read: '1', u: url}) do |http|
http.timeout = 3
end
if http.body_str.size > 100
content = "#{story.to_yaml}\n---\n#{http.body_str}"
File.open(fn, "w") { |file| file.write content }
puts "[info] Saved"
end
rescue StandardError => e
next
end
end
end
end