2018-02-23 18:58:03 +00:00
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---
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created_at: '2013-06-20T18:51:17.000Z'
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title: A Study of Assassination – CIA (1953)
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url: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB4/ciaguat2.html
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author: ferdo
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points: 94
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story_text: ''
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comment_text:
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num_comments: 46
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story_id:
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story_title:
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story_url:
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parent_id:
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created_at_i: 1371754277
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_tags:
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- story
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- author_ferdo
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- story_5914071
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objectID: '5914071'
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---
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2018-03-03 09:35:28 +00:00
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A STUDY OF ASSASSINATION
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2018-02-23 18:19:40 +00:00
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2018-03-03 09:35:28 +00:00
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2018-02-23 18:19:40 +00:00
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2018-03-03 09:35:28 +00:00
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DEFINITION
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2018-02-23 18:19:40 +00:00
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2018-03-03 09:35:28 +00:00
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Assassination is a term thought to be derived from "Hashish", a drug
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similar to marijuana, said to have been used by Hasan-Dan-Sabah to
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induce motivation in his followers, who were assigned to carry out
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political and other murders, usually at the cost of their lives.
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It is here used to describe the planned killing of a person who is not
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under the legal jurisdiction of the killer, who is not physically in the
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hands of the killer, who has been selected by a resistance organization
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for death, and who has been sele cted by a resistance organization for
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death, and whose death provides positive advantages to that
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organization.
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EMPLOYMENT
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Assassination is an extreme measure not normally used in clandestine
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operations. It should be assumed that it will never be ordered or
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authorized by any U.S. Headquarters, though the latter may in rare
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instances agree to its execution by membe rs of an associated foreign
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service. This reticence is partly due to the necessity for committing
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communications to paper. No assassination instructions should ever be
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written or recorded. Consequently, the decision to employ this technique
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must nearly always be reached in the field, at the area where the act
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will take place. Decision and instructions should be confined to an
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absolute minimum of persons. Ideally, only one person will be involved.
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No report may be made, but usually the act will be pr operly covered by
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normal news services, whose output is available to all concerned.
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JUSTIFICATION
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Murder is not morally justifiable. Self-defense may be argued if the
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victim has knowledge which may destroy the resistance organization if
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divulged. Assassination of persons responsible for atrocities or
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reprisals may be regarded as just puni shment. Killing a political
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leader whose burgeoning career is a clear and present danger to the
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cause of freedom may be held necessary.
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But assassination can seldom be employed with a clear conscience.
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Persons who are morally squeamish should not attempt it.
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CLASSIFICATIONS
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The techniques employed will vary according to whether the subject is
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unaware of his danger, aware but unguarded, or guarded. They will also
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be affected by whether or not the assassin is to be killed with the
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subject hereafter, assassinations in which the subject is unaware will
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be termed "simple"; those where the subject is aware but unguarded will
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be termed "chase"; those where the victim is guarded will be termed
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"guarded."
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If the assassin is to die with the subject, the act will be called
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"lost." If the assassin is to escape, the adjective will be "safe." It
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should be noted that no compromises should exist here. The assassin must
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not fall alive into enemy hands.
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A further type division is caused by the need to conceal the fact that
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the subject was actually the victim of assassination, rather than an
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accident or natural causes. If such concealment is desirable the
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operation will be called "secret" ;; if concealment is immaterial, the
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act will be called "open"; while if the assassination requires publicity
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to be effective it will be termed "terroristic."
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Following these definitions, the assassination of Julius Caesar was
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safe, simple, and terroristic, while that of Huey Long was lost, guarded
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and open. Obviously, successful secret assassinations are not recorded
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as assassination at all. \[Illeg\] o f Thailand and Augustus Caesar may
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have been the victims of safe, guarded and secret assassination. Chase
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assassinations usually involve clandestine agents or members of criminal
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organizations.
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THE ASSASSIN
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In safe assassinations, the assassin needs the usual qualities of a
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clandestine agent. He should be determined, courageous, intelligent,
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resourceful, and physically active. If special equipment is to be used,
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such as firearms or drugs, it is clear that he must have outstanding
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skill with such equipment.
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Except in terroristic assassinations, it is desirable that the assassin
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be transient in the area. He should have an absolute minimum of contact
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with the rest of the organization and his instructions should be given
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orally by one person only. His safe evacuation after the act is
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absolutely essential, but here again contact should be as limited as
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possible. It is preferable that the person issuing instructions also
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conduct any withdrawal or covering action which may be necessary.
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In lost assassination, the assassin must be a fanatic of some sort.
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Politics, religion, and revenge are about the only feasible motives.
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Since a fanatic is unstable psychologically, he must be handled with
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extreme care. He must not know the iden tities of the other members of
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the organization, for although it is intended that he die in the act,
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something may go wrong. While the Assassin of Trotsky has never revealed
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any significant information, it was unsound to depend on this when the
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act was p lanned.
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PLANNING
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When the decision to assassinate has been reached, the tactics of the
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operation must be planned, based upon an estimate of the situation
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similar to that used in military operations. The preliminary estimate
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will reveal gaps in information and possibly indicate a need for special
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equipment which must be procured or constructed. When all necessary data
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has been collected, an effective tactical plan can be prepared. All
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planning must be mental; no papers should ever contain evidence of the
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oper ation.
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In resistance situations, assassination may be used as a
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counter-reprisal. Since this requires advertising to be effective, the
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resistance organization must be in a position to warn high officials
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publicly that their lives will be the price of rep risal action against
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innocent people. Such a threat is of no value unless it can be carried
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out, so it may be necessary to plan the assassination of various
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responsible officers of the oppressive regime and hold such plans in
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readiness to be used only i f provoked by excessive brutality. Such
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plans must be modified frequently to meet changes in the tactical
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situation.
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TECHNIQUES
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The essential point of assassination is the death of the subject. A
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human being may be killed in many ways but sureness is often overlooked
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by those who may be emotionally unstrung by the seriousness of this act
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they intend to commit. The spe cific technique employed will depend upon
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a large number of variables, but should be constant in one point: Death
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must be absolutely certain. The attempt on Hitler's life failed because
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the conspiracy did not give this matter proper attention.
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Techniques may be considered as follows:
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1\. Manual.
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It is possible to kill a man with the bare hands, but very few are
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skillful enough to do it well. Even a highly trained Judo expert will
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hesitate to risk killing by hand unless he has absolutely no
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alternative. However, the simplest local tools a re often much the most
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efficient means of assassination. A hammer, axe, wrench, screw driver,
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fire poker, kitchen knife, lamp stand, or anything hard, heavy and handy
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will suffice. A length of rope or wire or a belt will do if the assassin
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is strong and agile. All such improvised weapons have the important
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advantage of availability and apparent innocence. The obviously lethal
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machine gun failed to kill Trotsky where an item of sporting goods
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succeeded.
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In all safe cases where the assassin may be subject to search, either
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before or after the act, specialized weapons should not be used. Even in
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the lost case, the assassin may accidentally be searched before the act
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and should not carry an incrimin ating device if any sort of lethal
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weapon can be improvised at or near the site. If the assassin normally
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carries weapons because of the nature of his job, it may still be
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desirable to improvise and implement at the scene to avoid disclosure of
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his ident ity.
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2\. Accidents.
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For secret assassination, either simple or chase, the contrived accident
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is the most effective technique. When successfully executed, it causes
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little excitement and is only casually investigated.
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The most efficient accident, in simple assassination, is a fall of 75
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feet or more onto a hard surface. Elevator shafts, stair wells,
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unscreened windows and bridges will serve. Bridge falls into water are
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not reliable. In simple cases a private meeting with the subject may be
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arranged at a properly-cased location. The act may be executed by
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sudden, vigorous \[excised\] of the ankles, tipping the subject over the
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edge. If the assassin immediately sets up an outcry, playing the
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"horrified wit ness", no alibi or surreptitious withdrawal is necessary.
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In chase cases it will usually be necessary to stun or drug the subject
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before dropping him. Care is required to insure that no wound or
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condition not attributable to the fall is discernible after death.
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Falls into the sea or swiftly flowing rivers may suffice if the subject
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cannot swim. It will be more reliable if the assassin can arrange to
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attempt rescue, as he can thus be sure of the subject's death and at the
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same time establish a workable al ibi.
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If the subject's personal habits make it feasible, alcohol may be used
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\[2 words excised\] to prepare him for a contrived accident of any kind.
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Falls before trains or subway cars are usually effective, but require
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exact timing and can seldom be free from unexpected observation.
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Automobile accidents are a less satisfactory means of assassination. If
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the subject is deliberately run down, very exact timing is necessary and
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investigation is likely to be thorough. If the subject's car is tampered
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with, reliability is very lo w. The subject may be stunned or drugged
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and then placed in the car, but this is only reliable when the car can
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be run off a high cliff or into deep water without observation.
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Arson can cause accidental death if the subject is drugged and left in a
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burning building. Reliability is not satisfactory unless the building is
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isolated and highly combustible.
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3\. Drugs.
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In all types of assassination except terroristic, drugs can be very
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effective. If the assassin is trained as a doctor or nurse and the
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subject is under medical care, this is an easy and rare method. An
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overdose of morphine administered as a sedat ive will cause death
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without disturbance and is difficult to detect. The size of the dose
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will depend upon whether the subject has been using narcotics regularly.
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If not, two grains will suffice.
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If the subject drinks heavily, morphine or a similar narcotic can be
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injected at the passing out stage, and the cause of death will often be
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held to be acute alcoholism.
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Specific poisons, such as arsenic or strychine, are effective but their
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possession or procurement is incriminating, and accurate dosage is
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problematical. Poison was used unsuccessfully in the assassination of
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Rasputin and Kolohan, though the latte r case is more accurately
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described as a murder.
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4\. Edge Weapons
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Any locally obtained edge device may be successfully employed. A certain
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minimum of anatomical knowledge is needed for reliability.
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Puncture wounds of the body cavity may not be reliable unless the heart
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is reached. The heart is protected by the rib cage and is not always
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easy to locate.
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Abdominal wounds were once nearly always mortal, but modern medical
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treatment has made this no longer true.
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Absolute reliability is obtained by severing the spinal cord in the
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cervical region. This can be done with the point of a knife or a light
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blow of an axe or hatchet.
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Another reliable method is the severing of both jugular and carotid
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blood vessels on both sides of the windpipe.
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If the subject has been rendered unconscious by other wounds or drugs,
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either of the above methods can be used to insure death.
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5\. Blunt Weapons
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As with edge weapons, blunt weapons require some anatomical knowledge
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for effective use. Their main advantage is their universal availability.
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A hammer may be picked up almost anywhere in the world. Baseball and
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\[illeg\] bats are very widely dist ributed. Even a rock or a heavy
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stick will do, and nothing resembling a weapon need be procured, carried
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or subsequently disposed of.
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Blows should be directed to the temple, the area just below and behind
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the ear, and the lower, rear portion of the skull. Of course, if the
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blow is very heavy, any portion of the upper skull will do. The lower
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frontal portion of the head, from th e eyes to the throat, can withstand
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enormous blows without fatal consequences.
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6\. Firearms
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Firearms are often used in assassination, often very ineffectively. The
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assassin usually has insufficient technical knowledge of the limitations
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of weapons, and expects more range, accuracy and killing power than can
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be provided with reliability. Since certainty of death is the major
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requirement, firearms should be used which can provide destructive power
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at least 100% in excess of that thought to be necessary, and ranges
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should be half that considered practical for the weapon.
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Firearms have other drawbacks. Their possession is often incriminating.
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They may be difficult to obtain. They require a degree of experience
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from the user. They are \[illeg\]. Their \[illeg\] is consistently
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over-rated.
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However, there are many cases in which firearms are probably more
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efficient than any other means. These cases usually involve distance
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between the assassin and the subject, or comparative physical weakness
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of the assassin, as with a woman.
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(a) The precision rifle. In guarded assassination, a good hunting or
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target rifle should always be considered as a possibility. Absolute
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reliability can nearly always be achieved at a distance of one hundred
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yards. In ideal circumstances, t he range may be extended to 250 yards.
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The rifle should be a well made bolt or falling block action type,
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handling a powerful long-range cartridge. The .300 F.A.B. Magnum is
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probably the best cartridge readily available. Other excellent calibers
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are . 375 M.\[illeg\]. Magnum, .270 Winchester, .30 - 106 p.s., 8 x 60
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MM Magnum, 9.3 x
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62 kk and others of this type. These are preferable to ordinary military
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calibers, since ammunition available for them is usually of the
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expanding bullet type, whereas most ammunition for military rifles is
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full jacketed and hence not sufficiently let hal. Military ammunition
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should not be altered by filing or drilling bullets, as this will
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adversely affect accuracy.
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The rifle may be of the "bull gun" variety, with extra heavy barrel and
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set triggers, but in any case should be capable of maximum precision.
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Ideally, the weapon should be able to group in one inch at one hundred
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yards, but 21/2" groups are adequa te. The sight should be telescopic,
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not only for accuracy, but because such a sight is much better in dim
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light or near darkness. As long as the bare outline of the target is
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discernable, a telescope sight will work, even if the rifle and shooter
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are in total darkness.
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An expanding, hunting bullet of such calibers as described above will
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produce extravagant laceration and shock at short or mid-range. If a man
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is struck just once in the body cavity, his death is almost entirely
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certain.
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Public figures or guarded officials may be killed with great reliability
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and some safety if a firing point can be established prior to an
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official occasion. The propaganda value of this system may be very high.
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(b) The machine gun.
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Machine guns may be used in most cases where the precision rifle is
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applicable. Usually, this will require
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the subversion of a unit of an official guard at a ceremony, though a
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skillful and determined team might conceivably dispose of a loyal gun
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crow without commotion and take over the gun at the critical time.
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The area fire capacity of the machine gun should not be used to search
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out a concealed subject. This was tried with predictable lack of success
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on Trotsky. The automatic feature of the machine gun should rather be
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used to increase reliability by placing a 5 second burst on the subject.
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Even with full jacket ammunition, this will be absolute lethal is the
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burst pattern is no larger than a man. This can be accomplished at about
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150 yards. In ideal circumstances, a properly padded and targeted ma
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chine gun can do it at 850 yards. The major difficulty is placing the
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first burst exactly on the target, as most machine gunners are trained
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to spot their fire on target by observation of strike. This will not do
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in assassination as the subject will not wait.
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(c) The Submachine Gun.
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This weapon, known as the "machine-pistol" by the Russians and Germans
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and "machine-carbine" by the British, is occasionally useful in
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assassination. Unlike the rifle and machine gun, this is a short range
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weapon and since it fires pistol ammu nition, much less powerful. To be
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reliable, it should deliver at least 5 rounds into the subject's chest,
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though the .45 caliber U.S. weapons have a much larger margin of killing
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efficiency than the 9 mm European arms.
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The assassination range of the sub-machine gun is point
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blank. While accurate single rounds can be delivered by sub-machine
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gunners at 50 yards or more, this is not certain enough for
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assassination. Under ordinary circumstances, the 5MG should be used as a
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fully automatic weapon. In the hands of a capabl e gunner, a high cyclic
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rate is a distinct advantage, as speed of execution is most desirable,
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particularly in the case of multiple subjects.
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The sub-machine gun is especially adapted to indoor work when more than
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one subject is to be assassinated. An effective technique has been
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devised for the use of a pair of sub-machine gunners, by which a room
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containing as many as a dozen subjects can be "purifico" in about twenty
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seconds with little or no risk to the gunners. It is illustrated below.
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While the U.S. sub-machine guns fire the most lethal cartridges, the
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higher cyclic rate of some foreign weapons enable the gunner to cover a
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target quicker with acceptable pattern density. The Bergmann Model 1934
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is particularly good in this way. The Danish Madman? SMG has a
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moderately good cyclic rate and is admirably compact and concealable.
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The Russian SHG's have a good cyclic rate, but are handicapped by a
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small, light protective which requires more kits for equivalent killing
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effect.
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(d) The Shotgun.
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A large bore shotgun is a most effective
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killing instrument as long as the range is kept under ten yards. It
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should normally be used only on single targets as it cannot sustain fire
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successfully. The barrel may be "sawed" off for convenience, but this is
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not a significant factor in its killi ng performance. Its optimum range
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is just out of reach of the subject. 00 buckshot is considered the best
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shot size for a twelve gage gun, but anything from single balls to bird
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shot will do if the range is right. The assassin should aim for the
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solar plexus as the shot pattern is small at close range and can easily
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\[illeg\] the head.
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(e) The Pistol.
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While the handgun is quite inefficient as a weapon of assassination, it
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is often used, partly because it is readily available and can be
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concealed on the person, and partly because its limitations are not
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widely appreciated. While many well kn own assassinations have been
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carried out with pistols (Lincoln, Harding, Ghandi), such attempts fail
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as often as they succeed, (Truman, Roosevelt, Churchill).
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If a pistol is used, it should be as powerful as possible and fired from
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just beyond reach. The pistol and the shotgun are used in similar
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tactical situations, except that the shotgun is much more lethal and the
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pistol is much more easily conceale d.
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In the hands of an expert, a powerful pistol is quite deadly, but such
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experts are rare and not usually available for assassination missions.
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.45 Colt, .44 Special, .455 Kly, .45 A.S.\[illeg\] (U.S. Service) and
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.357 Magnum are all efficient calibers. Less powerful
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rounds can suffice but are less reliable. Sub-power cartridges such as
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the .32s and .25s should be avoided.
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In all cases, the subject should be hit solidly at least three times for
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complete reliability.
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(f) Silent Firearms
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The sound of the explosion of the proponent in a firearm can be
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effectively silenced by appropriate attachments. However, the sound of
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the projective passing through the air cannot, since this sound is
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generated outside the weapon. In cases w here the velocity of the bullet
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greatly exceeds that of sound, the noise so generated is much louder
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than that of the explosion. Since all powerful rifles have muzzle
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velocities of over 2000 feet per second, they cannot be silenced.
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Pistol bullets, on the other hand, usually travel slower than sound and
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the sound of their flight is negligible. Therefore, pistols, submachine
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guns and any sort of improvised carbine or rifle which will take a low
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velocity cartridge can be silenc ed. The user should not forget that the
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sound of the operation of a repeating action is considerable, and that
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the sound of bullet strike, particularly in bone is quite loud.
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Silent firearms are only occasionally useful to the assassin, though
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they have been widely publicized in this connection. Because permissible
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velocity is low, effective precision range is held to about 100 yards
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with rifle or carbine type weapons, while with pistols, silent or
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otherwise,
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are most efficient just beyond arms length. The silent feature attempts
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to provide a degree of safety to the assassin, but mere possession of a
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silent firearm is likely to create enough hazard to counter the
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advantage of its silence. The silent pisto l combines the disadvantages
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of any pistol with the added one of its obviously clandestine purpose.
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A telescopically sighted, closed-action carbine shooting a low velocity
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bullet of great weight, and built for accuracy, could be very useful to
|
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|
an assassin in certain situations. At the time of writing, no such
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|
weapon is known to exist.
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|
7\. Explosives.
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Bombs and demolition charges of various sorts have been used frequently
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in assassination. Such devices, in terroristic and open assassination,
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|
can provide safety and overcome guard barriers, but it is curious that
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bombs have often been the imp lement of lost assassinations.
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The major factor which affects reliability is the use of explosives for
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assassination. the charge must be very large and the detonation must be
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controlled exactly as to time by the assassin who can observe the
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subject. A small or moderate explosi ve charge is highly unreliable as a
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cause of death, and time delay or booby-trap devices are extremely prone
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|
to kill the wrong man. In addition to the moral aspects of
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|
indiscriminate killing, the death of casual bystanders can often produce
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|
public reacti ons unfavorable to the cause for which the assassination
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is carried out.
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Bombs or grenades should never be thrown at a subject. While this
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will always cause a commotion and may even result in the subject's
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death, it is sloppy, unreliable, and bad propaganda. The charge must be
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too small and the assassin is never sure of: (1)reaching his attack
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position, (2) placing the charge close en ough to the target and (3)
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firing the charge at the right time.
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Placing the charge surreptitiously in advance permits a charge of proper
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size to be employed, but requires accurate prediction of the subject's
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movements.
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Ten pounds of high explosive should normally be regarded as a minimum,
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and this is explosive of fragmentation material. The latter can consist
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of any hard, \[illeg\] material as long as the fragments are large
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enough. Metal or rock fragments should be walnut-size rather than
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pen-size. If solid plates are used, to be ruptured by the explosion,
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cast iron, 1" thick, gives excellent fragmentation. Military or
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commercial high explosives are practical for use in assassination.
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Homemade or improvised e xplosives should be avoided. While possibly
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powerful, they tend to be dangerous and unreliable. Anti-personnel
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explosive missiles are excellent, provided the assassin has sufficient
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technical knowledge to fuse them properly. 81 or 82 mm mortar shells, or
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the 120 mm mortar shell, are particularly good. Anti-personnel shells
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for 85, 88, 90, 100 and 105 mm guns and howitzers are both large enough
|
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to be completely reliable and small enough to be carried by one man.
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The charge should be so placed that the subject is not ever six feet
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from it at the moment of detonation.
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A large, shaped charge with the \[illeg\] filled with iron fragments
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(such as 1" nuts and bolts) will fire a highly lethal shotgun-type
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\[illeg\] to 50 yards. This reaction has not been thoroughly tested,
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|
however, and an exact replica of the proposed device should be fired in
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|
|
advance to determine exact range, pattern-size, and penetration of
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fragments. Fragments should penetrate at lea st 1" of seasoned pine or
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equivalent for minimum reliability. Any firing device may be used which
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permits exact control by the assassin. An ordinary commercial or
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military explorer is efficient, as long as it is rigged for
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instantaneous action with no time fuse in the system. The wise \[illeg\]
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electric target can serve as the triggering device and provide exact
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timing from as far away as the assassin can reliably hit the target.
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This will avid the disadvantages olitary or commercial high explosives
|
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are practical for use in assassination. Homemade or improvised
|
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|
explosives should be avoided. While possibly powerful, they tend to be
|
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dangerous and unreliable. Anti-personnel explosive missiles are
|
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|
|
excellent, provided the assassin has sufficient techn ical knowledge to
|
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|
fuse them properly. 81 or 82 mm mortar shells, or the 120 mm mortar
|
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|
|
shell, are particularly good. Anti-personnel shells for 85, 88, 90, 100
|
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|
and 105 mm guns and howitzers are both large enough to be completely
|
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|
reliable and small enough to be carried by one man.
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The charge should be so placed that the subject is not ever six feet
|
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|
from it at the moment of detonation.
|
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|
A large, shaped charge with the \[illeg\] filled with iron fragments
|
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|
(such as 1" nuts and bolts) will fire a highly lethal shotgun-type
|
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\[illeg\] to 50 yards. This reaction has not been thoroughly tested,
|
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|
|
|
however, and an exact replica of the proposed device should be fired in
|
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|
|
|
advance to determine exact range, pattern-size, and penetration of
|
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|
|
|
fragments. Fragments should penetrate at lea st 1" of seasoned pine or
|
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|
|
equivalent for minimum reliability.
|
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|
|
Any firing device may be used which permits exact control by the
|
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|
|
assassin. An ordinary commercial or military explorer is efficient, as
|
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|
|
long as it is rigged for instantaneous action with no time fuse in the
|
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|
|
system.
|
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|
The wise \[illeg\] electric target can serve as the triggering device
|
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|
and provide exact timing from as far away as the assassin can reliably
|
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|
|
hit the target. This will avid the disadvantages of stringing wire
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|
between the proposed positions of the ass assin and the subject, and
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|
also permit the assassin to fire the charge from a variety of possible
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positions.
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|
The radio switch can be \[illeg\] to fire \[illeg\], though its
|
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|
reliability is somewhat lower and its procurement may not be easy.
|
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|
EXAMPLES
|
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|
(\[illeg\] may be presented brief outlines, with critical evaluations of
|
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|
|
the following assassinations and attempts:
|
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|
Marat
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|
Hedrich
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Lincoln
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Hitler
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|
Harding
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|
Roosevelt
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|
Grand Duke Sergei
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Truman
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Pirhivie
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|
Mussolini
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|
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
|
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|
Benes
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Rasputin
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Aung Sang
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Madero
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\[illeg\]
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Kirov
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Abdullah
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Huey Long
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Ghandi
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Alexander of Yugoslvia
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Trotsky
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CONFERENCE ROOM TECHNIQUE
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1\.
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![](ciaguat2_1.GIF)
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(1) Enters room quickly but quietly
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(2) Stands in doorway
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2\.
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![](ciaguat2_2.GIF)
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(2) Opens fire on first subject to react. Swings across group toward
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center of mass. Times burst to empty magazine at end of swing.
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(1) Covers group to prevent individual dangerous reactions, if
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necessary, fires individual bursts of 3 rounds.
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3\.
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![](ciaguat2_3.GIF)
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(2) Finishes burst. Commands"Shift." Drops back thru \[sic\] door.
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Replaces empty magazine. Covers corridor.
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(1) On command "shift", opens fire on opposite side of target, swings
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one burst across group.
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4\.
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![](ciaguat2_4.GIF)
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(1) Finishes burst. Commands "shift". Drops back thru \[sic\] door.
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Replaces magazine. Covers corridor.
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(2) On command, "shift", re-enters room. Covers group: kills survivors
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with two-round bursts. Leaves propaganda.
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5\.
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![](ciaguat2_5.GIF)
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(2) Leaves room. Commands "GO". Covers rear with nearly full magazine.
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(1) On command "GO", leads withdrawl, covering front with full magazine.
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6\.
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![](ciaguat2_6.GIF)
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