2018-02-23 18:58:03 +00:00
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---
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created_at: '2015-12-26T12:38:14.000Z'
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title: The Müller Formula or Predictable Color Preferences (2007)
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url: http://www.colourlovers.com/blog/2007/09/02/the-muller-formula-or-predictable-color-preferences
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author: pmcpinto
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points: 62
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story_text:
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comment_text:
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num_comments: 8
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story_id:
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story_title:
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story_url:
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parent_id:
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created_at_i: 1451133494
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_tags:
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- story
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- author_pmcpinto
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- story_10793999
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objectID: '10793999'
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2018-06-08 12:05:27 +00:00
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year: 2007
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2018-02-23 18:58:03 +00:00
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---
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2018-03-03 09:35:28 +00:00
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More than half a century ago, Aemelius Müller, professor at the academy
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of Winterthur, Switzerland, came up with a formula that could predict
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the appreciation of a color-combination. In other words: Müller was able
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to predict which combination of colors most people would probably
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like.
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2018-02-23 18:19:40 +00:00
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2018-03-03 09:35:28 +00:00
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![img](http://s3.amazonaws.com/colourlovers.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/muller1.gif)
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2018-02-23 18:19:40 +00:00
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2018-03-03 09:35:28 +00:00
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Müller's formula predicts that these color combinations will be
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considered as ugly by most
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people.
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2018-02-23 18:19:40 +00:00
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2018-03-03 09:35:28 +00:00
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![img](http://s3.amazonaws.com/colourlovers.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/muller2.gif)
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2018-02-23 18:19:40 +00:00
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2018-03-03 09:35:28 +00:00
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While these will be liked. How is this
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possible?
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2018-02-23 18:19:40 +00:00
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2018-03-03 09:35:28 +00:00
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![img](http://s3.amazonaws.com/colourlovers.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/hueslr.jpg)
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2018-02-23 18:19:40 +00:00
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2018-03-03 09:35:28 +00:00
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First we need to consider the 'natural' brightness of the colors of the
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color circle, as discussed in this post about [Brightness vs.
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Whiteness](http://www.livelygrey.com/2007/08/brightness_vs_whiteness.html).
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You will notice that yellow, for instance, is a lot brighter than
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blue.
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2018-02-23 18:19:40 +00:00
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2018-03-03 09:35:28 +00:00
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![img](http://s3.amazonaws.com/colourlovers.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/brightness_lr.jpg)
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2018-02-23 18:19:40 +00:00
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2018-03-03 09:35:28 +00:00
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On a scale from 1 to 100, bright yellow has a brightness value of 90,
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while bright blue has a value as low as 35. Likewise, every hue in the
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color circle has its own 'natural'
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brightness.
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2018-02-23 18:19:40 +00:00
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2018-03-03 09:35:28 +00:00
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![img](http://s3.amazonaws.com/colourlovers.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/mullerbl3.gif)
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2018-02-23 18:19:40 +00:00
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2018-03-03 09:35:28 +00:00
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Now take this combination. All three colors have the exact same hue of
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blue. The only difference between the colors is their brightness.
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2018-02-23 18:19:40 +00:00
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2018-03-03 09:35:28 +00:00
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Now we pair the last combination with the 'ugly' combination on the left
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and the 'nice' combination on the
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right.
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![img](http://s3.amazonaws.com/colourlovers.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/mullerbl.gif)
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See what happened? Towards the 'ugly' (left) side the dark blue shifted
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to a greener hue, while the bright blue shifted to a more purple hue.
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This is contrary to the 'natural' brightness of the colors. After all,
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if you check the color circles you will see that green is much brighter
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than purple. Towards the 'nice' (right) side the dark color shifted to
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purple while the bright color shifted to green. This shift is in
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accordance with the 'natural' brightness of the colors.
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The same goes for the red combinations. Towards the 'ugly' side the
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colors shift contrary to the 'natural' brightness while on the 'nice'
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side they shift in accordance with the natural
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brightness.
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![img](http://s3.amazonaws.com/colourlovers.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/mullerbr.gif)
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So here's the simple formula: If a combination follows the natural
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brightness of colors, most people will like it, if a combination
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contradicts the natural brightness of colors, most people won't like it.
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There is some dispute in academia whether or not to interpret the 'nice'
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color combinations as good taste. The obvious implication being that the
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'ugly' combinations are of bad taste. I myself tested the formula on
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many occasions when lecturing a group of people. It never fails and it's
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always fun to confront people with the predictability of their taste.
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But I also noticed that people in creative professions, such as artists
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or designers, often tend to like the 'ugly' combinations. Because people
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in this group often lay claim to 'good' taste, in my opinion the 'taste'
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hypothesis doesn't hold. As far as I'm concerned no one can lay claim to
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good taste. People like it or they don't. Good or bad taste is a non
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issue.
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However, while Müller's formula may not determine the difference between
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good or bad taste, it sure does predict common taste. And that makes the
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formula quite useful for any designer.
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2018-02-23 18:19:40 +00:00
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> About the Guest Author, Igor Asselbergs
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2018-03-03 09:35:28 +00:00
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> **Website:** <http://www.livelygrey.com>
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> Igor is a color professional and currently ceo of Colorjinn. He writes
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> his own color blog at [Livelygrey.com](http://Livelygrey.com)
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