The most visible and severe effects — disabling goiters, cretinism and
dwarfism — affect a tiny minority, usually in mountain villages. But 16
percent of the world’s people have at least mild goiter, a swollen
thyroid gland in the neck.
“Find me a mother who wouldn’t pawn her last blouse to get iodine if she
understood how it would affect her fetus,” said Jack C. S. Ling,
chairman of the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency
Disorders, a committee of about 350 scientists formed in 1985 to
champion iodization.
The 1990 World Summit for Children called for the elimination of iodine
deficiency by 2000, and the subsequent effort was led by Professor
Ling’s organization along with Unicef, the World Health Organization,
Kiwanis International, the World Bank and the foreign aid agencies of
Canada, Australia, the Netherlands, the United States and others.
Largely out of the public eye, they made terrific progress: 25 percent
of the world’s households consumed iodized salt in 1990. Now, about 66
percent do.
But the effort has been faltering lately. When victory was not achieved
by 2005, donor interest began to flag as
[AIDS](http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/health/diseasesconditionsandhealthtopics/aids/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier "Recent and archival health news about AIDS/HIV."),
[avian
flu](http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/health/diseasesconditionsandhealthtopics/avianinfluenza/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier "Recent and archival health news about avian influenza.")
and other threats got more attention.
And, like all such drives, it cost more than expected. In 1990, the
estimated price tag was $75 million — a bargain compared with, for
example, the fight against
[polio](http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/health/diseasesconditionsandhealthtopics/poliomyelitis/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier "Recent and archival health news about polio."),
which has consumed about $4 billion.
Since then, according to David P. Haxton, the iodine council’s executive
director, about $160 million has been spent, including $80 million from
Kiwanis and $15 million from the Gates Foundation, along with unknown
Rumors inevitably swirl: iodine has been blamed for AIDS,
[diabetes](http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/health/diseasesconditionsandhealthtopics/diabetes/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier "Recent and archival health news about diabetes."),
seizures, impotence and peevishness. Iodized salt, according to
different national rumor mills, will make pickled vegetables explode,
The country’s biggest salt company was initially reluctant to cooperate,
fearing higher costs, a Unicef report said. Cardiologists argued against
iodization, fearing it would encourage people to use more salt, which
can raise [blood
pressure](http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/health/diseasesconditionsandhealthtopics/bloodpressure/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier "Recent and archival health news about blood pressure.").
More insidious, Dr. Sharmanov said, were private companies that sold
[Continue reading the main story](#story-continues-8)
Kazakhstan was lucky. It had just the right mix of political and
economic conditions for success: political support, 98 percent literacy,
an economy helped along by rising prices for its oil and gas. Most
important, perhaps, one company, Aral Tuz, makes 80 percent of the
edible salt.
That combination is missing in many nations where iodine deficiency
remains a health crisis. In nearby Pakistan, for instance, where 70
percent of households have no iodized salt, there are more than 600
small salt producers.
“If a country has a reasonably well-organized salt system and only a
couple of big producers who get on the bandwagon, iodization works,”
said Venkatesh Mannar, a former salt producer in India who now heads the
Micronutrient Initiative in Ottawa, which seeks to fortify the foods of
the world’s poor with iodine, iron and other minerals. “If there are a
lot of small producers, it doesn’t.”
Now that Kazakhstan has its law, Ms. Sivryukova’s volunteers have not
let up their vigilance. They help enforce it by going to markets, buying
salt and testing it on the spot. The government has trained customs
agents to test salt imports and fenced some areas where people dug their
own salt. Children still receive booklets and instruction.
Experts agree the country is unlikely to slip back into neglect. Surveys
find consumers very aware of iodine, and the red-and-white logo is such
a hit that food producers have asked for permission to use it on foods
with added iron or folic acid, said Dr. Sharmanov, the former Kazakh
Republic health minister. And the salt is working. In the 1999 survey
that found stunted children, a smaller sampling of urine from women of
child-bearing age found that 60 percent had suboptimal levels of iodine.
“We just did a new study, which is not released yet,” said Dr. Feruza
Ospanova, head of the
[nutrition](http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/health/diseasesconditionsandhealthtopics/diet/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier "Recent and archival health news about diet and nutrition.")
academy’s laboratory. “The number was zero percent.”