---
created_at: '2017-10-23T10:01:12.000Z'
title: Properties of expanding universes (1966)
url: https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251038
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---
[Source](https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251038 "Permalink to Properties of expanding universes")

# Properties of expanding universes

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## Properties of expanding universes

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[__ Thesis - Colour High Resolution (2017) (PDF, 32Mb)][21]

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##### Authors

![][24]  [Hawking, Stephen][25]

##### Advisors

Sciama, Dennis

##### Date

1966-03-15

##### Awarding Institution

University of Cambridge

##### Author Affiliation

Faculty of Mathematics. Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics

##### Qualification

PhD

##### Type

Thesis

##### Metadata

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##### Citation

Hawking, S. (1966). Properties of expanding universes (doctoral thesis). https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.11283 

##### Description

This thesis has been made openly available with the kind permission of Professor Stephen Hawking.

##### Abstract

Some implications and consequences of the expansion of the universe are examined. In Chapter 1 it is shown that this expansion creates grave difficulties for the Hoyle-Narlikar theory of gravitation. Chapter 2 deals with perturbations of an expanding homogeneous and isotropic universe. The conclusion is reached that galaxies cannot be formed as a result of the growth of perturbations that were initially small. The propagation and absorption of gravitational radiation is also investigated in this approximation. In Chapter 3 gravitational radiation in an expanding universe is examined by a method of asymptotic expansions. The 'peeling off' behaviour and the asymptotic group are derived. Chapter 4 deals with the occurrence of singularities in cosmological models. It is shown that a singularity is inevitable provided that certain very general conditions are satisfied.

##### Relationships

Alternative form(s): <https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-PHD-05437>

##### Identifiers

PhD.5437

This record's DOI: <https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.11283>

﻿ 

##### Rights

© Stephen Hawking, All Rights Reserved

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