---
created_at: '2017-11-12T06:57:15.000Z'
title: List of price of medieval items (2006)
url: http://medieval.ucdavis.edu/120D/Money.html
author: benbreen
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---
[Source](http://medieval.ucdavis.edu/120D/Money.html "Permalink to Medieval Price List")

# Medieval Price List

Medieval Price List

* * *

# List of price of medieval items

Courtesy of Kenneth Hodges (hodges@jif.berkeley.edu)

The list of medieval prices which follows is by no means complete or thoroughly researched; I merely extracted references from some of the books I have, and I thought others might like to inspect it. The sources I used are listed at the end. If an item is listed several times, it is because I had several references I wished to record. 

* * *
    
    
    
    Money goes as follows:
     1 pound (L) = 20 shillings (s)
    
     1 crown = 5 shillings
     1 shilling = 12 pence (d)
     1 penny = 4 farthings
     1 mark = 13s 4d
    

The French Livre, sou, and denier are equivalent to the pound, shilling and penny (Latin liber, solidus, and denarius). 

For ease, I've divided this list into the following sections: tools, horses, food and livestock, books and education, buildings, cloth and clothing, armor, weapons, marriage, funerals, travel, miscellaneous goods, and wages. 

Of course, a price list is a misleading guide to a feudal economy, because so many goods were either produced within a household, or supplied by a lord. Retainers could get money, but they would also get food, lodging, weapons (sometimes), and cloth. Knights Templar were provided with clothes, horses, and armor. 

* * *
    
    
    
                                      TOOLS
    Item                            Price       Date        Source  Page
    2 yokes                         4s          c1350       [3]     170
    Foot iron of plough             5d            "          "       "
    3 mason's tools (not named)     9d            "          "       "
    1 spade and shovel              3d          1457         "       "
    1 axe                           5d            "          "       "
    1 augur                         3d            "          "       "
    1 vise                          13s 4d      1514        [5]     27-28
    Large biciron                   60s           "          "        "
    Small biciron                   16s           "          "        "
    Anvil                           20s           "          "        "
    Bellows                         30s           "          "        "
    Hammers                         8d-2s 8d      "          "        "
    2 chisels                       8d            "          "        "
    Compete set of armorer's tools  £13 16s 11d   "          "        "
    Spinning Wheel                  10 d         1457       [3]     170
    
                                      HORSES
    Item                            Price       Date        Source  Page
    War Horse                       up to 50s   12 cen  (?) [7]     30
    War Horse                       up to £80   13 cen      [3]     72
    Knight's 2 horses               £10         1374         "      76
    High-grade riding horse         £10         13th cen     "      72
    Draught horse                   10s-20s     13th cen     "       "
                               
    Note: Horse prices varied dramatically; for instance, they doubled 
    between 1210 and 1310.  ([3], p. 37).                               
    
                                FOOD AND LIVESTOCK                      
    Item                            Price       Date        Source  Page
    Wine:
      Best Gascon in London         4d/gallon   1331        [2]     194
      Best Rhenish in London        8d/gallon     "          "       "
    Wine:
      Cheapest                      3d-4d/gal   Late 13 cen [3]     62
      Best                          8d-10d/gal    "          "       "
    Ale (beer comes later):
      Good                          1.5d/gal    14 cen      [2]     201
      Medium                        1d/gal        "          "       "
      Poor                          .75d/gal      "          "       "
    Ale:
      First-rate                    1-1.25d/gal 1320-1420   [3]     58
      Second-rate                   .75-1d/gal    "          "       "
    Ale (best):
      Somerset                      .75d        1338        [3]     210
      London                        1.25d        "           "       "
    Beer, good                      1d/quart    late 16 cen [8]     xx
    Dried Fruit (eg raisins, dates, 1-4d/lb, up
      figs, prunes), almonds, rice  to 6d rare  14 cen(?)   [3]     62-63
    Spices (cinnamon, cloves, mace,
      pepper, sugar, etc).          1-3s/lb       "          "        "
    Pepper                          4s/lb       mid 13 cen  [9]     218
    Pepper                          6d/.5lb     1279-1280   [3]     11
    Saffron                         12s-15s/lb  14 cen(?)   [3]     62-63
    Cow (good)                      10s         12 cen(?)   [7]     30
    Cow                             9s 5d       mid 14th    [1]     99
    Cow                             6s          1285-1290   [3]     206
    Ox                              13s 1.25d   mid 14 cen  [1]     99
    Sheep                           1s 5d         "          "       "
    Wether (castrated ram):
      Somerset                      9d-10d      1338        [3]     210
      London                        1s 5d        "           "       "
    Pig:
      Somerset                      2s          1338        [3]     210
      London                        3s           "           "       "
    Fowl                            1d            "          "       "
    2 Chickens                      1d          14 cen      [4]     78
    2 Dozen Eggs                    1d            "          "       "
    Goose (in London)               6d (legal)
                                    7d-8d asked 1375        [2]     198
    80 lb cheese                    3s 4d       late 13 cen [3]     114
    Salted herring (wholesale)      5-10/1d     1382        [2]     198-199
    Salt conger                     6d each     1422-1423   [3]     69
    Oats:                            
      Somerset                      1s/quarter  1338         "      210
      London                        2s 2d per    "           "       "
                                     quarter
    Cost of feeding a knight's or   £30-£60,    15 cen      [3]     199
      merchants household per year  up to £100
    
    Related note: around 1380, these are the average costs per day of feeding 
    people on an estate ([3], p. 65): lord, 7d; esquire, 4d; yeoman, 3d; and 
    groom, 1d.
    
                               BOOKS AND EDUCATION
    
    Item                            Price       Date        Source  Page
    Monastary School                £2 (approx) 1392-1393   [3]     75
                                    per year
    Schoolmaster at Croyden:
      Board                         2s/week*    1394        [2]     186
      Instruction                   13s 4d/year  "           "       "
    Oxford:
      Board                         104s/year   1374         "       "
      Clothing                      40s/year     "           "       "
      Instruction                   26s 8d/year  "           "       "
    University:                     
      Minimum                       £2£L3/year  Late 14 cen [3]     75
      Student of good birth         £4£L10/year  "           "       "
    Fencing Instruction             10s/month   Late 16 cen [8]     xx
    7 Books                         £5 (approx) 1479        [3]     76
    126 Books                       £113        1397        [3]     77
    To Rent a book                  .5d-1d per  mid 13 cen  [9]     172
                                    pecia**
    
    * Source says 2s/day.  This is not only insanely high, but the text also 
    claims that the board was the same as at Oxford--i.e., 2s/week or 
    104s/year.
    
    ** A pecia is 16 columns of 62 lines of 32 letters, i.e., 31 744 letters, 
    or about 7 500 - 8 000 words.  Rental period is not specified, but I 
    would guess a year; books were rented to be copied, and copying the Bible 
    took 15 months.  See [9], p. 172.
    
                                    BUILDINGS
    Item                            Price       Date        Source  Page
    Rent per annum for 138 shops on
      London Bridge                 £160 4s     1365        [2]     114
    Rent for the three London 
      taverns with the exclusive
      right to sell sweet wines
      (hippocras, clarry, piments)  £200        1365-1375   [2]     195-196
    Rent cottage                    5s/year     14 cen(?)   [3]     208
    Rent craftsman's house          20s/year     "           "       "
    Rent merchant's house           £2£L3/year   "           "       "
    Cottage (1 bay, 2 storeys)      £2          early 14 cen "      205
    Row house in York (well built)  up to £5     "           "       "
    Craftsman's house (i.e., with
      shop, work area, and room
      for workers) with 2-3 bays
      and tile roof                 £10£L15     early 14 cen [3]    205
    Modest hall and chamber, not
      including materials           £12         1289        [3]     79-80
    Merchant's house                £33£L66     early 14 cen [3]    205
    House with courtyard            £90+         "           "       "
    Goldsmiths' Hall (in London,
      with hall, kitchen, buttery,
      2 chambers)                   £136        1365        [2]     114
    Large tiled barn                £83         1309-1310   [3]     79
    Wooden gatehouse (30' long),
      barn, and drawbridge:
      Contract                      £5 6s 8d +  1341        [3]     81
                                    builder's 
                                    clothing
      Estimated total               £16          "           "       "
    Stone Gatehouse (40' X 18'):
      with all except stone         £16 13s 4d  1313        [3]     79-80
      estimated with stone          £30          "           "        "
    Tower in castle's curtain wall  £333, L395  late 14 cen  "        "
    Castle & college at Tattershall £450/annum  1434-1446    "      81
                                    for 13 years
    Transept of Gloucester Abbey    £781        1368-1373   [3]     79-80
    Stonework of church (125', no   £113        13 cen(?)    "        "
      tower)                        (contract)
    
    note: tithes were often calculated at 1d a week for every 20s of annual 
    rent paid (4, p. 208).
      
    The following are the estimates of raw materials and labor that went into 
    the tower of Langeais, a rectangular, tapering stone tower built in 992-
    994.  The source is [6], pp. 47ff.  The dimensions at the base were 17.5 
    meters by 10 meters; the height was 16m (3 floors); the walls were 1.5m 
    thick, made of two shells filled with loose rock. 
    Limestone in building: about 1050 cubic meters, or 2 600 000 kg
    Wood in building: 47.5 cubic meters, or 34 600 kg
    Nails: 3 400, or 50 kg
    Mortar: 350 cubic meters.
    To make the mortar:
      sand: 225 cubic meters, or 360 000 kg
      limestone: 40 cubic meters, or 160 000 kg
      green wood: 540 cubic meters, or 286 000 kg
    Labor Costs, in Average Working Days (AWD):
      procurement: 14 250
      transport: 2 880
      labor:
        unskilled: 63 500
        mason: 12 700
        smith: 1 600
    
                                CLOTH AND CLOTHING
    Item                            Price       Date        Source  Page
    Fashionable gown                easily £10, late 14 cen [2]     53
                                    up to £50
    Gentry:
      Shoes                         4d          1470s       [3]     79
      Boots                         6d            "          "       "
      Purse                         1.5d          "          "       "
      Hat                           10d, 1s 2d    "          "       "
    Craftsman's tabard and super-
      tunic                         3s          1285-1290   [3]     206
    Reeve's murrey (dark brown) robe 6s 4d      1349-1352    "      176
    Reeve's red robe                5s 3d           "        "       "
    Peasants (wealthy):
      Linen Chemise                 8d          1313        [3]     175
      Shoes                         6d           "           "       "
      Woolen garment                3s           "           "       "
      Fur-lined garments            6s 8d       early 14 cen "       "
      Tunic                         3s           "           "       "
      Linen                         1s           "           "       "
    Landless serfs' tunics          1d-6d       mid 14 cen   "      176
    Cloth for peasant tunics        8d-1s 3d    early 14 cen "       "
                                    per yard
    Best Wool                       5s/yard     1380        [3]     78
    "Tawny and russet"              6s/yard     1479-1482    "      "
    Silk                            10s-12s     15 cen(?)    "      " 
                                    per yard
    Furs added to garment           +£2-£3 to   15 cen(?)   "       79
                                    garment
    The worth of cloth provided
      yearly by a lord to:
      esquires                      2s 11d/yard 1289-1290   [3]     78
      yeomen                        2s/yard         "        "       "
      lesser servants               1s 7d/yard      "        "       "
    
    Note: loose tunics take 2.25-2.5 yards.  In the late 14th century, 
    shorter doubled (lined) tunics, known as doublets, became fashionable, 
    requiring 4 yards ([3], pp 175,176). 
    
                                      ARMOR
    Item                            Price       Date        Source  Page
    Mail                            100s        12 cen(??   [7]     30
    Ready-made Milanese armor       £8 6s 8d    1441        [4]     112
    Squire's armor                  £5-£6 16s 8d "           "       "
    Armor for Prince of Wales, 
      "gilt and graven"             £340        1614        [5]     20
    Complete Lance Armor            £3 6s 8d    1590        [5]     185
    Complete corselets              30s          "           "       "
    Cuirass of proof with pauldrons 40s          "           "       "
    Normal cuirass with pauldrons   26s 8d       "           "       "
    Target of proof                 30s          "           "       "
    Morion                          3s 4d        "           "       "
    Burgonet                        4s           "           "       "
    Cuirass of pistol-proof with
      pauldrons                     £1 6s       1624        [5]     189-190
    Cuirass without pauldrons       £1           "           "         "
    Lance Armor                     £4           "           "         "
    Targets of Proof                24s          "           "         "
    Cuirass with cap                £4           "           "         "
    Armor of proof                  £14 2s 8d   1667         "      68
    Bascinet                        13s 4d +    1369         "      88
                                    3s 4d to
                                    line it
    Armor in a merchant's house
      (leather?)                    5s          1285-1290   [3]     206
    Total Armor owned by a knight   £16 6s 8d   1374         "      76
    Armor in house of Thomas of
      Woodstock, duke of Gloucester £103        1397         "      77
    Fee for cleaning rust off
      corselets                     5d each     1567        [5]     80
    Fee for varnishing, replacing
      straps, and rivetting helmet
      and corselet                  1s 4d       1613        [5]     90
    Barrel for cleaning mail        9d          1467        [5]     79 
    
    
    
    

Note: mail is chainmail; almost all the rest is plate-armor. The armor of the knight in 1374 was probably mail with some plates; same for Gloucester's. Mail was extremely susceptible to rust, and was cleaned by rolling it in sand and vinegar in a barrel. Pauldrons are shoulder plates; morions are open helms, burgonets and bascinets closed helms; and a target refers to any of a number different kind of shields. Armor of proof is tested during the making with blows or shots from the strongest weapons of the time; if a weapon is listed, the armor does not claim to be proof against everything, only that it is proof up to that weapon's strength (eg pistol proof is not musket proof, but may be sword proof). All plate armor was lined with cloth, to pad the wearer, quiet the armor, and reduce wear between the pieces. This, along with the necessary straps, was a significant amount of the expense. An armorer asking for money to set up shop in 1624 estimated production costs and profit for a number of different types of armor: I give two examples below ([5], pp. 189-190). 
    
    
    
    Cuirass of proof with pauldrons: 
      plates:                         5s 6d
      finishing, rivets, and straps:  7s 6d
      selling price                  26s
    Lance armor:
      plates                        14s 5d
      finishing, et cetera          40s
      selling price                 80s
    
                                     WEAPONS
    Item                            Price       Date        Source  Page
    Cheap sword (peasant's)         6d          1340s       [3]     174
    Pair of wheel-lock pistols, 
      with tools for them           £2 16s      mid 17th    [4]     208
    Holsters for pistols            6d             "         "       "
    Wheel-lock carbine              £1 10s         "         "       "
    Shoulder belt for carbine       1s             "         "       "
    Pair of flintlock pistols       £2 5s          "         "       "
    Flintlock carbine               £1 2s          "         "       "
    Musket                          16s 6d-18s 6d  "         "       "
    

Note: Sorry, folks, that's all I found. It was mandatory in England for all freemen to own certain types of weapons and armor. (In 1181 every freeman having goods worth 10 marks (1 mark = 13s 4d) had to have a mail shirt, a helmet, and a spear. All other freemen should have helmet, spear, and gambeson (quilted armor) [4], p. 39.) Later, the government stored arms and armour in churches for use; in the 13th century anyone with an income of £2-£5 (wealthy peasants) had to have bows; archery practice became compulsory on Sundays and holidays. You may know that the extreme range of the longbow was 400 yards, but did you know that a statute of Henry VIII no one over 24 could practice at a range of less than 220 yards? (See [4], p. 95 and elsewhere). Note: for guessing prices, see the section on tools (an axe for 5d). An armorer might make 24s a month; say a week to make a decent sword, and you might get a price that way. See the section on books and education for fencing instruction. 
    
    
    
                                     MARRIAGE
    Item                            Price       Date        Source  Page
    Sample peasant dowries:         13s 4d,     14 cen(?)   [3]     179 
                                    35s 11d,
                                    57s, 63s 4d
    For serfs, mechet (fees) to lord,
      depending on wealth           1s-13s 4d   14 cen(?)   [3]     179
    Wedding feast, wealthy peasant  20s           "          "       "
    Wealthy peasant wedding total   £3-£4         "          "       "
    Dowry for esquire's daughter    up to £66   15 cen       "      84
                                    13s 4d
    Dowry for baron's daughter      £1000 +       "          "       "
    London parents (both sets)
      each offered couple           £100        1385        [2]     154
    
    Note: these costs will be wildly varying depending on circumstance.
    
                                     FUNERALS
    Item                            Price       Date        Source  Page
    Cheap gentlewoman's funeral
      (bell-ringing, clergy, food)  £7          1497        [3]     85
    Brass monument, with a figure
      incised, on marble base--
      fitting for lesser aristocrat £8          early 14 cen "       "
    Bishop Mitford's funeral 
      (with 1450 guests!)           £130+       1407         "       "
    Memorial Chapel for Richard
      Beauchamp, earl of Warwick    £2481       1439-1463    "       "
    Bronze effigy on guilded tomb   £400            "        "       "
    
    Note: Christopher Dyer gives as a rough rule of thumb 1 year's income for 
    a funeral ([3], p. 85)
    
                                      TRAVEL
    Item                            Price       Date        Source  Page
    Queen's chariot                 £400        14 cen      [1]     99
    Lady Eleanor's chariot          £1000       14 cen      [1]     99
    Chariot                         £8          1381        [3]     72
    Chariot maintence               1-3s/year   14 cen       "      "
    Barge                           £10           "          "      "
    Iron-bound cart                 4s          c1350        "      170
    Guide for a night               1d          14 cen      [1]     129
    Ferry ride per horseman         1d           "           "       "
    Keeping an earl's warhorse
      82 days in summer             36s 9.5d    1287        [3]     71
    
    Note: [1], pp 126-129, gives the following prices at an inn in 1331.  For 
    one day, 3 men with 4 servants spent: Bread, 4d; beer, 2d; wine 1.25d; 
    meat,  5.5d; potage, .25d; candles, .25d; fuel, 2d; beds, 2d; fodder for 
    horses, 10d.  The four servants staying alone sleep 2 nights for 1d.  
    Generally, all 7 spend 2d a night on beds; in London, it is 1d per head.
     
                                  MISCELLANEOUS
    Item                            Price       Date        Source  Page
    6 silver spoons                 14s         1382        [2]     24
    2 gold rings with diamonds      £15          "           "       "
    Gold Ring with ruby             26s 8d       "           "       "
    3 strings of pearls             70s          "           "       "
    6 gold necklaces                100s         "           "       "
    Fee to enroll an apprentice:
      with mercers (cloth dealers)  2s          14 cen      [2]     111
      with carpenters               1s            "          "       "
    Fee to join guild at end of
      apprenticeship:
      with mercers                  20s           "         [2]     111
      with carpenters               3s 4d         "          "       "
    Fee to join guild               6s 8d-£3    14 cen(?)   [3]     208
    Fee to gain freedom of a town
      (to enjoy its exemption from
      feudal duties)                3s 4d-20s   14 cen(?)   [3]     208
    To empty a cesspit in a city    6s 8d       15 cen(?)   [3]     209
    Candles
      Somerset                      1.5d/lb     1338        [3]     210
      London                        2d-2.5d/lb   "           "       "
    Candles
      tallow                        1.5d/lb     15 cen(?)   [3]     74
      wax                           6.5d/lb     1406-1407    "      "
    Vat                             4d          1457        [3]     170
    Barrel                          3d           "           "       "
    Bottle                          4d           "           "       "
    2 buckets                       1s           "           "       "
    1 sheet                         4d           "           "       "
    1 mattress                      2d           "           "       "
    4 pillows                       4d           "           "       "
    3 boards for a bed              4d           "           "       "
    2 sheets, 4 blankets            5s 8p       1349-1352    "       "
    16 bedspreads, 20 sheets,
      8 featherbeds                 £3 1s       1285-1290   [3]     206
    Duke's bed of cloth of gold, 
      with blue satin canopy        £182 3s     1397        [3]     77
    Table                           6d          1457        [3]     170
    Chair                           3d           "           "       " 
    Chest with necessaries thereto  2s 2d        "           "       "
    2 chests                        6d each      "           "       "
    Metal ewer                      6d          1349-1352    "       "
    Brass pot                       2s              "        "       "
    Basin and ewer                  8d              "        "       "
    Basin and ewer                  2s 8d           "        "       "
    Towel                           6d              "        "       "
    Coffer                          1s              "        "       "
    2 stools                        8d              "        "       "
    Ceramic cooking pot             .5d         1340s        "      174
    
    Note: most of these come from inventories of peasants' belongings.  The 
    fine goods would be more expensive.
    
    Note about lighting: great houses could use 100 lb of wax and tallow in a 
    single winter night ([3], p. 74).  Others, not as rich, would go to sleep 
    earlier.
    
                                      WAGES
    Profession                      Wage        Date        Source  Page
    Mercenaries:
      knight banneret               4s/day      1316        [4]     78
      knight                        2s/day       "           "       "
      man-at-arms or squire         1s/day       "           "       "
    Regular Army
      Esquires, constables, and 
        centenars                   1s/day      1346        [4]     79
      Mounted archers, armored
        infantry, hobilars, 
        vintenars                   6d/day       "           "       "
      Welsh vintenars               4d/day       "           "       "
      Archers                       3d/day       "           "       "
      Welsh infantry                2d/day       "           "       "
      Captain                       8s/day      late 16 cen [4]     181
      Lieutenant                    4s/day        "          "       "
      Ensign                        2s/day        "          "       "
      Drummer or trumpeter          20d/day       "          "       "
      cavalryman                    18d/day       "          "       "
      infantry                      8d/day        "          "       "
    Laborer                         £2/year max c1300       [3]     29
    Crown revenues (at peace)       £30 000     c1300        "       "
    Barons per year                 £200-500+   c1300        "       "
    Earls  per year                 £400-£11000 c1300        "       "
    Sergeant at Law (top lawyer)    £300/year   1455         "      47
    Chief armorer                   26s 8d/month 1544       [5]     182
    Other armorers in same shop     24s/month   1544         "       "
      except "Old Martyn" who made  38s 10d/month 1544       "       "
    Apprentices in same shop        6d/day      1544         "       "
    Master mason                    4d/day      1351        [2]     24
    Master carpenter                3d/day       "           "       "
    Carpenters' Guild stipend to 
      a sick member                 14d/week    1333        [2]     156
    Weavers                         5d/day, no  1407        [2]     146
                                    food
    Chantry priest per year         £4 13s 4d   1379        [2]     24
    Squires per annum               13s 4d-£1   14 cen      [1]     116-117
    Carters, porters, falconers     5s-8s 8d    14 cen      [1]     116-117
      grooms, messengers            per year
    Kitchen servants                2s-4s/year  14 cen      [1]     116-117
    Boys and pages                  1s-6s/year  14 cen      [1]     116-117
    Wardens of London Bridges       £10/year    1382        [2]     128
    
    Note: sheriffs of London paid 300 £s per year, hoping to make a profit from 
    the fines they collected.
    
    Note: 30 adult sheep could produce about 20s of wool per year in 1299 
    ([3], p. 114).
    
    Note: To get a VERY ROUGH sense of money, I reproduce the following chart 
    from Dyer ([3], p. 206).  These are averages of daily wages in pence.
    
    Decade        Thatcher          Thatcher's mate
    1261-70       2                 -
    1271-80       2.5               1
    1281-90       2.25              1
    1291-1300     2.5               1
    1301-10       2.5               1
    1311-20       3                 1.25
    1321-30       3                 1
    1331-40       3                 1.25
    1341-50       3                 1.25
    1351-60       3.5               2
    1361-70       3.5               2
    1371-80       4.25              2.5
    1381-90       4                 2.25
    1391-1400     4.25              2.75
    1401-10       4.5               3
    1411-20       4.75              3
    1421-30       4.5               3
    1431-40       4.5               3.25
    1441-50       5.25              4
    1451-60       5.5               3.25
    1461-70       4.75              3.75
    1471-80       5.25              3.75
    1481-90       6                 3.75
    1491-1500     5.5               3.5
    1501-10       5.75              4
    1511-20       5.25              4
    

* * *

[1] _English Wayfaring Life in the XIVth Century_, J. J. Jusserand, trans Lucy Smith, Putnam's Sons, New York,1931 (Orig. 1889). 

[2] _London in the Age of Chaucer_, A. R. Myers, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1972 

[3] _Standards of Living in the Later Middle Ages_, Christopher Dyer, Cambridge University Press, 1989 

[4] _English Weapons & Warfare, 449-1660_, A. V. B. Norman and Don Pottinger, Barnes & Noble, 1992 (orig. 1966) 

[5] _The Armourer and his Craft from the XIth to the XVIth Century_, Charles ffoulkes, Dover, 1988 (orig. 1912) 

[6] "The Cost of Castle Building: The Case of the Tower at Langeais," Bernard Bachrach, in _The Medieval Castle: Romance and Reality_, ed. Kathryn Reyerson and Faye Powe, Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa, 1984 

[7] _The Knight in History_, Frances Gies, Harper & Row, New York, 1984 

[8] _Methods and Practice of Elizabethan Swordplay_, Craig Turner and Tony Soper, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, 1990 

[9] _Life in a Medieval City_, Joseph and Frances Gies, Harper & Row, New York, 1969 

