---
created_at: '2015-01-12T23:22:15.000Z'
title: The Society of Mind (1988)
url: http://aurellem.org/society-of-mind/
author: epenn
points: 48
story_text: ''
comment_text: 
num_comments: 6
story_id: 
story_title: 
story_url: 
parent_id: 
created_at_i: 1421104935
_tags:
- story
- author_epenn
- story_8877144
objectID: '8877144'

---
[Source](http://aurellem.org/society-of-mind/ "Permalink to The Society of Mind Text & Video Archive")

# The Society of Mind Text & Video Archive

Next: [Prologue][1]

# Society of Mind

# The Society of Mind

Written by [Marvin Minsky][2]  
Formatted for the web by [Dylan Holmes][3]

  
  
[ ![][4] ![][5] ][6]

| ----- |
| 

# [prologue][1]

# [_1_ Building blocks][7]

## [_1.1_ The agents of the mind][8]

## [_1.2_ The mind and the brain][9]

## [_1.3_ The society of mind][10]

## [_1.4_ The world of blocks![][11]][12]

# [_2_ Wholes and parts][13]

## [_2.1_ Components and connections][14]

## [_2.2_ Novelists and reductionists][15]

## [_2.3_ Parts and wholes][16]

## [_2.4_ Holes and parts![][11]][17]

## [_2.5_ easy things are hard![][11]][18]

## [_2.6_ confusion][19]

## [_2.7_ Are people machines?![][11]][20]

# [_3_ conflict and compromise][21]

## [_3.1_ conflict![][11]][22]

## [_3.2_ Noncompromise][23]

## _[3.3_ hierarchies][24]

## _[3.4_ Heterarchies][25]

## _[3.5_ destructiveness][26]

## _[3.6_ Pain and pleasure simplified][27]

# _[4_ the self][28]

## _[4.1_ the self![][11]][29]

## _[4.2_ one self or many?][30]

## _[4.3_ the soul![][11]][31]

## _[4.4_ the conservative self][32]

## _[4.5_ exploitation][33]

## _[4.6_ self-control][34]

## _[4.7_ long-range plans][35]

## _[4.8_ ideals][36]

# _[5_ individuality][37]

## _[5.1_ circular causality][38]

## _[5.2_ unanswerable questions][39]

## _[5.3_ the remote-control self][40]

## _[5.4_ personal identity][41]

## _[5.5_ fashion and style][42]

## _[5.6_ traits][43]

## _[5.7_ permanent identity][44]

# _[6_ insight and introspection][45]

## _[6.1_ consciousness![][11]][46]

## _[6.2_ signals and signs][47]

## _[6.3_ thought-experiments][48]

## _[6.4_ B-Brains][49]

## _[6.5_ Frozen reflection][50]

## _[6.6_ momentary mental time![][11]][51]

## _[6.7_ the causal now][52]

## _[6.8_ thinking without thinking][53]

## _[6.9_ heads in the clouds][54]

## _[6.10_ worlds out of mind][55]

## _[6.11_ in-sight][56]

## _[6.12_ internal communication][57]

## _[6.13_ self-knowledge is dangerous][58]

# _[7_ problems and goals][59]

## _[7.1_ intelligence][60]

## _[7.2_ uncommon sense![][11]][61]

## _[7.3_ the puzzle principle][62]

## _[7.4_ problem solving][63]

## _[7.5_ learning and memory][64]

## _[7.6_ reinforcement and reward][65]

## _[7.7_ local responsibility][66]

## _[7.8_ difference-engines][67]

## _[7.9_ intentions][68]

## _[7.10_ genius][69]

# _[8_ a theory of memory][70]

## _[8.1_ k-lines: a theory of memory][71]

## _[8.2_ re-membering][72]

## _[8.3_ mental states and dispositions][73]

## _[8.4_ partial mental states][74]

## _[8.5_ level-bands][75]

## _[8.6_ levels][76]

## _[8.7_ fringes][77]

## _[8.8_ societies of memories][78]

## _[8.9_ knowledge-trees][79]

## _[8.10_ levels and classifications][80]

## _[8.11_ layers of societies][81]

# _[9_ summaries][82]

## _[9.1_ wanting and liking][83]

## _[9.2_ gerrymandering][84]

## _[9.3_ learning from failure][85]

## _[9.4_ enjoying discomfort][86]

# _[10_ papert's principle][87]

## _[10.1_ piaget's experiments][88]

## _[10.2_ reasoning about amounts][89]

## _[10.3_ priorities][90]

## _[10.4_ papert's principle![][11]][91]

## _[10.5_ the society-of-more][92]

## _[10.6_ about piaget's experiments][93]

## _[10.7_ the concept of concept][94]

## _[10.8_ education and development][95]

## _[10.9_ learning a hierarchy][96]

# _[11_ the shape of space][97]

## _[11.1_ seeing red][98]

## _[11.2_ the shape of space][99]

## _[11.3_ nearnesses][100]

## _[11.4_ innate geography][101]

## _[11.5_ sensing similarities][102]

## _[11.6_ the centered self][103]

## _[11.7_ predestined learning][104]

## _[11.8_ half-brains][105]

## _[11.9_ dumbbell theories][106]

 | 

# _[12_ learning meaning][107]

## _[12.1_ a block-arch scenario][108]

## _[12.2_ learning meaning][109]

## _[12.3_ uniframes][110]

## _[12.4_ structure and function][111]

## _[12.5_ the function of structures][112]

## _[12.6_ accumulation][113]

## _[12.7_ accumulation strategies][114]

## _[12.8_ problems of disunity][115]

## _[12.9_ the exception principle][116]

## _[12.10_ how towers work][117]

## _[12.11_ how causes work][118]

## _[12.12_ meaning and definition][119]

## _[12.13_ bridge-definitions][120]

# _[13_ seeing and believing][121]

## _[13.1_ reformulation][122]

## _[13.2_ boundaries][123]

## _[13.3_ seeing and believing][124]

## _[13.4_ children's drawing-frames][125]

## _[13.5_ learning a script][126]

## _[13.6_ the frontier effect][127]

## _[13.7_ duplications][128]

# _[14_ reformulation][129]

## _[14.1_ using reformulation][130]

## _[14.2_ means and ends][131]

## _[14.3_ seeing squares][132]

## _[14.4_ brainstorming][133]

## _[14.5_ the investment principle![][11]][134]

## _[14.6_ parts and holes][135]

## _[14.7_ the power of negative thinking][136]

## _[14.8_ the interaction-square][137]

# _[15_ Consciousness and memory][138]

## _[15.1_ momentary mental state][139]

## _[15.2_ self-examination][140]

## _[15.3_ memory][141]

## _[15.4_ memories of memories][142]

## _[15.5_ the immanence illusion][143]

## _[15.6_ many kinds of memory][144]

## _[15.7_ memory rearrangements][145]

## _[15.8_ anatomy of memory![][11]][146]

## _[15.9_ interruption and recovery][147]

## _[15.10_ losing track][148]

## _[15.11_ the recursion principle][149]

# _[16_ emotion][150]

## _[16.1_ emotion![][11]][151]

## _[16.2_ mental growth][152]

## _[16.3_ mental proto-specialists![][11]][153]

## _[16.4_ cross-exclusion][154]

## _[16.5_ avalanche effects][155]

## _[16.6_ motivation][156]

## _[16.7_ exploitation][157]

## _[16.8_ stimulus vs. simulus][158]

## _[16.9_ infant emotions][159]

## _[16.10_ adult emotions][160]

# _[17_ development][161]

## _[17.1_ sequences of teaching-selves![][11]][162]

## _[17.2_ attachment-learning][163]

## _[17.3_ attachment simplifies][164]

## _[17.4_ functional autonomy][165]

## _[17.5_ developmental stages][166]

## _[17.6_ prerequisites for growth][167]

## _[17.7_ genetic timetables][168]

## _[17.8_ attachment-images][169]

## _[17.9_ different spans of memories][170]

## _[17.10_ intellectual trauma][171]

## _[17.11_ intellectual ideals][172]

# _[18_ reasoning][173]

## _[18.1_ must machines be logical?![][11]][174]

## _[18.2_ chains of reasoning][175]

## _[18.3_ chaining][176]

## _[18.4_ logical chains![][11]][177]

## _[18.5_ strong arguments][178]

## _[18.6_ magnitude from multitude][179]

## _[18.7_ what is a number?][180]

## _[18.8_ mathematics made hard![][11]][181]

## _[18.9_ robustness and recovery][182]

# _[19_ Words and ideas][183]

## _[19.1_ the roots of intention![][11]][184]

## _[19.2_ the language-agency][185]

## _[19.3_ words and ideas![][11]][186]

## _[19.4_ objects and properties][187]

## _[19.5_ polynemes][188]

## _[19.6_ recognizers][189]

## _[19.7_ weighing evidence][190]

## _[19.8_ generalizing][191]

## _[19.9_ recognizing thoughts][192]

## _[19.10_ closing the ring][193]

# _[20_ context and ambiguity][194]

## _[20.1_ ambiguity][195]

## _[20.2_ negotiating ambiguity][196]

## _[20.3_ visual ambiguity][197]

## _[20.4_ locking-in and weeding-out][198]

## _[20.5_ micronemes][199]

## _[20.6_ the nemeic spiral][200]

## _[20.7_ connections][201]

## _[20.8_ connection lines![][11]][202]

## _[20.9_ distributed memory![][11]][203]

# _[21_ trans-frames][204]

## _[21.1_ the pronouns of the mind][205]

## _[21.2_ pronomes][206]

## _[21.3_ trans-frames][207]

## _[21.4_ communication among agents][208]

## _[21.5_ automatism][209]

## _[21.6_ trans-frame pronomes][210]

## _[21.7_ generalizing with pronomes][211]

## _[21.8_ attention][212]

 | 

# _[22_ expression][213]

## _[22.1_ pronomes and polynemes][214]

## _[22.2_ isonomes][215]

## _[22.3_ de-specializing][216]

## _[22.4_ learning and teaching][217]

## _[22.5_ inference][218]

## _[22.6_ expression][219]

## _[22.7_ causes and clauses][220]

## _[22.8_ interruptions][221]

## _[22.9_ pronouns and references][222]

## _[22.10_ verbal expression][223]

## _[22.11_ creative expression][224]

# _[23_ comparisons][225]

## _[23.1_ a world of differences][226]

## _[23.2_ differences and duplicates][227]

## _[23.3_ time blinking][228]

## _[23.4_ the meanings of more][229]

## _[23.5_ foreign accents][230]

# _[24_ frames][231]

## _[24.1_ the speed of thought][232]

## _[24.2_ frames of mind][233]

## _[24.3_ How trans-frames work][234]

## _[24.4_ default assumptions][235]

## _[24.5_ nonverbal reasoning][236]

## _[24.6_ direction-nemes][237]

## _[24.7_ picture-frames![][11]][238]

## _[24.8_ how picture-frames work][239]

## _[24.9_ recognizers and memorizers][240]

# _[25_ frame arrays][241]

## _[25.1_ one frame at a time?![][11]][242]

## _[25.2_ frame-arrays![][11]][243]

## _[25.3_ the stationary world][244]

## _[25.4_ the sense of continuity![][11]][245]

## _[25.5_ expectations][246]

## _[25.6_ the frame idea![][11]][247]

# _[26_ language-frames][248]

## _[26.1_ understanding words![][11]][249]

## _[26.2_ understanding stories][250]

## _[26.3_ sentence-frames][251]

## _[26.4_ a party-frame![][11]][252]

## _[26.5_ story-frames][253]

## _[26.6_ sentence and nonsense][254]

## _[26.7_ frames for nouns][255]

## _[26.8_ frames for verbs][256]

## _[26.9_ language and vision][257]

## _[26.10_ learning language][258]

## _[26.11_ grammar][259]

## _[26.12_ coherent discourse][260]

# _[27_ censors and jokes][261]

## _[27.1_ demons][262]

## _[27.2_ suppressors][263]

## _[27.3_ censors][264]

## _[27.4_ exceptions to logic][265]

## _[27.5_ jokes![][11]][266]

## _[27.6_ humor and censorship][267]

## _[27.7_ laughter![][11]][268]

## _[27.8_ good humor][269]

# _[28_ the mind and the world][270]

## _[28.1_ the myth of mental energy][271]

## _[28.2_ magnitude and marketplace][272]

## _[28.3_ quantity and quality][273]

## _[28.4_ mind over matter][274]

## _[28.5_ the mind and the world][275]

## _[28.6_ minds and machines][276]

## _[28.7_ individual identities][277]

## _[28.8_ overlapping minds][278]

# _[29_ the realms of thought][279]

## _[29.1_ the realms of thought][280]

## _[29.2_ several thoughts at once][281]

## _[29.3_ paranomes][282]

## _[29.4_ cross-realm correspondences][283]

## _[29.5_ the problem of unity][284]

## _[29.6_ autistic children][285]

## _[29.7_ likenesses and analogies][286]

## _[29.8_ metaphors][287]

# _[30_ mental models![][11]][288]

## _[30.1_ knowing][289]

## _[30.2_ knowing and believing][290]

## _[30.3_ mental models][291]

## _[30.4_ world models][292]

## _[30.5_ knowing ourselves][293]

## _[30.6_ freedom of will][294]

## _[30.7_ the myth of the third alternative][295]

## _[30.8_ intelligence and resourcefulness][296]

# [appendix][297]

# [postscript][298]

# [glossary][299]

 | 

[1]: http://aurellem.org/som-prologue.html
[2]: http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky
[3]: https://logical.ai
[4]: http://aurellem.org/images/som_book.jpeg
[5]: http://aurellem.org/images/a_logo_17.gif
[6]: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0671657135?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creativeASIN=0671657135&linkCode=xm2&tag=marvinminsky
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[297]: http://aurellem.org/som-appendix.html
[298]: http://aurellem.org/som-postscript.html
[299]: http://aurellem.org/som-glossary.html

